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premed.pk test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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2
Q

which virus contains single stranded DNA?

A

parvo virus

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3
Q

how many tail fibers are attached to the end plate of a bacteriophage?

A

6

tail fibers: help phage attach to specific receptors on the surface of the bacterial host cell

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4
Q

the enzymes integrase, protease, and reverse transcriptase are found in what type of virus?

A

retrovirus

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5
Q

each carrier in electron transport chain is first _______ then _______.

A

reduced, oxidized

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6
Q

what does electron transport chain explain?

A

mechanism of ATP synthesis

during oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final stage of cellular respiration, the ETC creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. this gradient drives the synthesis of ATP through the action of ATP synthase

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7
Q

what is the color of chlorophyll-b molecule?

A

yellowish-green

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8
Q

upon initial hydrolysis, what does starch break down into?

A

maltose (disaccharide composed of 2 glucose molecules bonded together)

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9
Q

human bone cells contain ______% water?

A

20%

(water is present in the extracellular matrix, filling the spaces between the collagen fibers and mineralized crystals)

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10
Q

condensation vs. hydrolysis

A

condensation (also called dehydration synthesis): chemical reaction where 2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule, typically accompanied by the release of water

hydrolysis: process of breaking down a molecule by adding water

they are reverse processes of each other

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11
Q

proteins are the main ____________ components of the cell?

A

structural

  • involved in structural integrity and organization of the cells, structure & function of organelles
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12
Q

prokaryote vs. eukaryote

A

prokaryote: lacks true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

eukaryote: has a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in its cells

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13
Q

archaea

A

group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionary distinct from bacteria

  • known for living in extreme conditions, such as hyper salty areas and high pressures
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14
Q

cell wall may be absent in which of the following?

A

bacteria & archaea

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15
Q

mesosomes

A

structures formed by the invagination of plasma membrane (plasma membrane folds in to create a pocket)

  • associated with cell division and DNA replication in prokaryotic cells
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16
Q

3 double bound organelles

A

mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplast

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17
Q

murein

A

also called peptidoglycan

main component of bacterial cell walls & provides rigidity and shape to the bacterial wall

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18
Q

common between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall

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19
Q

the neurotransmitter active outside the central nervous system is

A

acetylcholine

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20
Q

hormone produced by placenta is

A

progesterone

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21
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of protective membrane that surround and encase brain and spinal cord

inner: pia mater
middle: arachnoid mater
outer: dura mater

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22
Q

round worms belong to which phylum?

A

Nematoda

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23
Q

enzymes lower the activation energy by

A

changing conditions within the active site

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24
Q

competitive inhibitors compete with?

A

substrate

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25
Ernst Haeckel's biogenetic law
"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" development of an individual organism (ontogeny) follows the same sequence of evolutionary changes seen in the evolutionary history of the species (phylogeny)
26
hepatic portal vein
carries digested food from intestines to the liver (collects nutrients that are absorbed and transports them directly to the liver for processing and distributing)
27
hepatic artery & hepatic vein
hepatic artery: responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the liver hepatic vein: responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the liver and returning it to the heart
28
antibodies
*also called immunoglobulins* proteins produced by white blood cells in response to antigens
29
antigens
foreign substances that trigger an immune response
30
lymphatic vessels
- help transport a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body - help maintain fluid balance, remove toxins and cellular waste, and support immune response by filtering out harmful substances - also carry lymphocytes to where they are needed to fight infections and protect against diseases
31
where do the lymphatic vessels of the body empty lymph into the bloodstream at?
subclavian veins (located near the collarbone area)
32
where do the lymphatic vessels of the body empty lymph into the bloodstream at?
subclavian veins (located near the collarbone area)
33
pre-capillary sphincters
adjust the flow of blood in the capillaries, by constricting and contracting, based on tissue needs
34
difference b/w capillaries, arteries, and veins
capillaries: responsible for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
35
osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by a solution when it is separated by a semi-permeable membrane from pure water
36
respiratory surfaces exhibit which characteristic?
permeability (respiratory surfaces, such as alveoli in the lungs, must be permeable to allow the exchange of gases through diffusion)
37
gram-negative bacterial cell wall
a protective outer layer that some types of bacteria have - protect bacteria and help maintain its shape - consists of 2 layers
38
gram-positive vs. gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive: often associated with infections like throat infections, pneumonia, and certain types of food poisoning gram-negative: linked to infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and some gastrointestinal infections
39
Nitrifying bacteria
special types of bacteria that help turn harmful substances called ammonia and nitrite into safer forms called nitrate
40
each human testes contains _______ lobules
250-300 lobules *lobules = small compartments for responsible for producing and storing sperm*
41
leydig cells
*also called interstitial cells* responsible for production and release of testosterone in males
42
avascular
meaning does not contain blood vessels
43
creatine-P04
*also known as phosphocreatine* muscle component that acts as a store for energy
44
what is NOT found in skeletal muscle fibers in human
large amount of hemoglobin
45
hinge joint
type of joint that allows movement in just one direction, back and forth - present in elbows and knees, move back and forth and not to the side
46
test cross
used to check the genotype of a trait unknown x tt
47
hypophosphatemic rickets + inheritance pattern
rare condition where the bones in the body don't develop properly due to low levels of phosphorus, leading to weak and soft bones - X linked dominant
48
pedigree analysis
most commonly used method to trace mode of inheritance in humans (circles and squares thing)
49
amu stands for
atomic mass unit 1/12th of a carbon
50
the probability of finding an electron at a certain position is possible due to which scientist's principle?
Schrödinger
51
what did bohr theorize
electrons exist in orbitals
52
canal ray particles
positively charged ions that are produced in a discharge tube when a high voltage is applied across a gas at a low pressure - mass to charge ratio determines deflection so the lighter the particles, the greater their deflection
53
partial pressure formula
partial pressure = total pressure x fraction of gas
54
if we want to raise the temp of one mole of an ideal gas by one kelvin, we have to provide how much energy?
0.0821 dm^3-atm
55
the process of heat flow between hotter and colder gases remains continued until all the molecules have equal
average translational kinetic energy
56
average translational kinetic energy
average energy associated with the movement of particles (atoms or molecules) as they move in a straight line in a given substance
57
average rotational kinetic energy
average energy associated with the spinning or rotational motion of particles (atoms or molecules) within a substance
58
kinetic vs potential energy
kinetic energy: energy of motion potential energy: energy stored in an object due to its position or condition
59
vapor pressure
pressure exerted by the vapor (gas) of a substance when it's in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form (like the "push" of gas molecules escaping from a liquid or solid into the air above it) - primarily determined by the temp of the liquid, the IMF's, and the size of the molecule
60
unit cell
smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice that contains all the information about the crystal's structure (kinda like a building block that's repeated over and over to make up a larger crystal)
61
atomic solid
individual atoms that are tightly packed together and arranged in a repeating pattern, like a grid
62
common ion effect
decrease in solubility of a salt in a solution that already contains an ion common to the salt
63
precipitation occurs if the ionic concentration is
more than ksp (ionic concentration exceeds solubility product, so then excess ions come together and form solid precipitate)
64
Le Chatelier's principle helps with
predicting the direction in which a system at equilibrium will shift in response to a change in conditions
65
to find overall order of a reaction
add up the individual orders
66
state function
properties that depend only on the current state of a system and are independent of the path taken to reach that state
67
an electrochemical cell is based on which reaction
redox reactions (redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species, which is facilitated through the separation of oxidation and reduction half-reactions, which occur at different electrodes)
68
ionic character
the extent to which atoms share electrons (the extent that one atom takes electrons) - high ionic character: giving and taking electrons, larger electronegativity difference - low ionic character: sharing electrons equally, lower electronegativity difference
69
coordinate bonds
one atom provides electrons to another to form bond. like sharing electrons but one atom is providing both electrons
70
freon is commonly known as
refrigerant *refrigerant: substances used in refrigeration systems and air conditioning units to transfer heat from one area to another*
71
conjugate bonds
special arrangement of alternating single and double bonds
72

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