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BOC studying > Prentice Ch. 28 - Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Prentice Ch. 28 - Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “Skin Lesion”?

A

-

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2
Q

Primary Lesions

A 
Macule
Papule
Plaque/patch
Nodule
Tumor
Cyst
Wheal
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule
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3
Q

Secondary Lesions

A 
- result from primary lesions that have been manipulated
Scales
Crust
Fissure
Excoriation
Erosion
Ulcer
Scar
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4
Q

Macule

A
  • small, flat, and circular discoloration smaller than a 1/2 inch in diameter
  • freckles, flat nevus
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5
Q

Papule

A
  • solid elevation less than 1/2 in in diameter

- Wart

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6
Q

Plaque or Patch

A
  • macule or papule larger than 1/2 inch

- Vitiligo patch

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7
Q

Nodule

A
  • solid mass less than 1/2 inch
  • deeper into the dermis or subcutis
  • dermatofibroma fibrosis
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8
Q

Tumor

A
  • solid mass larger than 1/2 inch

- cavernous hemangioma (filled with blood vessels)

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9
Q

Cyst

A
  • encapsulated, fluid-filled, lesion in the dermis or subcutis
  • epidermoid cyst
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10
Q

Wheal

A
  • Papule or plaque caused by serum collection into the dermis, allergic reactions
  • urticaria (hives)
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11
Q

Vesicle

A
  • fluid-filled elevation less than 1/2 inch just below epidermis
  • smallpox/chickenpox
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12
Q

Bulla

A
  • like a vesicle but larger

- second degree burn, friction blister

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13
Q

Pustule

A
  • like a vesicle or bulla but contains pus

- acne

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14
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • an inflammation of cells and connective tissue that extend deep into the tissues
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15
Q

Scales

A
  • flakes of skin

- psoriasis

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16
Q

Crust

A
  • dried fluid or exudates on the skin

- Impetigo

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17
Q

Fissure

A
  • Skin Crack

- Chapping

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18
Q

Excoriation

A
  • Superficial scrape

- Abrasion

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19
Q

Erosion

A
  • loss of superficial epidermis

- scratch (superficial)

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20
Q

Ulcer

A
  • destruction of the entire epidermis

- pressure sore

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21
Q

Scar

A
  • healing of the dermis

- vaccination, laceration

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22
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A
  • excessive growth of the horny tissue layer
  • caused by excessive rubbing back and forth over the skin, along with abnormal pressure
  • causing a thickening
  • foot calluses
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23
Q

Hyperkeratosis S&S and Management

A
  • ovular, elongated, brownish, may or may not be painful
  • emery files/board
  • pumice stones
  • moisturizer
  • can massage a small amount of lanolin twice a day may help with tissue elasticity.
  • donut pad
  • double socking
  • decrease friction
24
Q

Blisters

A
  • shearing forces produce a raised area that contains a collection of fluid below or within the epidermis.
25
Q

Blisters S&S

A
  • pt. feels a hot spot
  • can be superficial and contain clear liquid
  • or can be deeper causing blood vessels to rupture
  • pain is caused by pressure of fluid
26
Q

Blister Management

A
  • talcum powder
  • petroleum jelly
  • double socking
  • correctly fitting shoes
  • second skin
  • icing
27
Q

Soft corns

A
  • caused by abnormal pressure and friction
  • “calves mollis”
  • result of wearing narrow shoes and having excessive foot perspiration
  • usually occurs between the fourth and fifth toes
  • circular area of thickened, white, macerated skin
    between the toes at the base of proximal head of phalanges
28
Q

Hard Corns

A
  • calves durus
  • most serious type
  • caused by pressure of improperly fitting shoes and anatomical abnormalities
  • hammertoes usually have hard corns develop on top of them
  • local pain and disability with inflammation and thickening of soft tissue
  • requires a physicians care
29
Q

Corns Management

A
  • if pain and inflammation are bad send to doc
  • may need surgical removal
  • get proper footwear
  • Soft corn: proper footwear and put a cottonball in-between the toes; apply ultramide, can also use a foam pad to separate the toes
30
Q

Excessive Perspiration (Hyperhidrosis)

A
  • syrup like consistency
  • increases the possibility of skin irritation
  • makes bandages hard to keep on
  • makes blisters, callus, and chafing much more likely to occur
31
Q

Hyperhidrosis management

A
  • astringent (alcohol or absorbent powder)

- iontophoresis

32
Q

Chafing

A
  • friction
  • obese individuals
  • heavy limbed people
  • repeated skin rubbing in groin and axilla
  • can separate the keratin from the granular layer of the epidermis causing oozing wounds
33
Q

Chafing management

A
  • cleansed once daily with mild soap and lukewarm water and mild soap
  • can use burrows for 15-20 mins 3x per day
  • to prevent it keep skin dry and clean and friction free
  • cotton is your friend
34
Q

Xerotic (Dry) skin

A
  • usually during the winter months
  • dehydration of the stratum corner
  • appears dry with redness and scaling
  • occurs first on shins, forearms, backs of hands and fcae
  • can be itchy
35
Q

Xerotic skin management

A
  • prevent water loss and replace lost water
  • bathing in tepid water
  • use moisturizing soaps
  • avoid soap on dry areas
  • use emollient lotions
  • refer to physician if condition worsens
36
Q

Ingrown Toenails

A
  • large toe is most often affected
  • nail grows into the lateral nail fold and enters the skin
  • results from lateral pressure of poorly fitting shoes, improper toenail trimming, or trauma
37
Q

Ingrown toenails S&S

A
  • pain and swelling

- if not treated can become severely inflamed and purulent

38
Q

Ingrown toenail management

A
  • soak in warm water (105-110) and butadiene for approx 20 mins
  • pry the nail out of the skin
  • can also lift nail and stick cotton under it to promote proper growth
  • if condition is chronic send to doc to get nail cut
  • prevention is more prevalent than management
39
Q

Abrasions

A
  • happens when skin is scraped against a rough surface
  • top layer of skin is torn away and exposes capillaries
  • can get contaminated with debris
  • can get infected
40
Q

Punctures

A
  • from sharp object
  • can get tetanus from it
  • go to the hospital
41
Q

Lacerations

A
  • sharp or pointed object tears tissues
  • usually jagged
  • can get infected
42
Q

Incisions

A
  • done by doctor
  • cut is smooth
  • usually over a bone
43
Q

Avulsions

A
  • skin is torn from the body, often associated with major bleeding
  • avulsed tissue should be placed on moist gauze saturated with saline
  • doing this you can stick it into a plastic bag that’s been immersed in cold water and taken to the hospital
44
Q

Bruises

A
  • consequence of sudden compressive blunt force
  • soft tissue is traumatized
  • RICE it
45
Q

Wound Management

A
  • all must be considered contaminated

- shows infection 2-7 days post wound

46
Q

Bacterial infections

A
  • single celled microorganisms
  • 3 major shapes: spherical (cocci) occurs in clumps, doublets or chains and rods (bacilli); and spirochetes (corkscrew shaped)
47
Q

Staphylococcus

A
  • occurs in clumps on skin and upper respiratory tract
48
Q

Streptococcus

A
  • appears in long chains
  • most are harmless
  • scarlet fever, and staphylococci
49
Q

Bacillus

A
  • spore forming, aerobic, and gram positive, and mobile

- can cause systemic damage

50
Q

MRSa

A
  • Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • happens in people who have aggressive sports where they get abrasions
  • bacterial
51
Q

MRSa S&S

A
  • redness, swelling, tenderness,

- pus forming

52
Q

MRSa Management

A
  • send to doc
  • antibiotics
  • longer period and more strong
53
Q

Impetigo Contagiosa

A
  • very common
  • usually presents in children
  • presents in summer - fall time
  • bacterial
54
Q

Impetigo S&S

A
  • mild itching
  • soreness
  • followed by pustules that rupture to form honey-colored crusts
55
Q

Impetigo Management

A
  • cleansing of crusted area
  • topical antibiotic
  • usually bactroban
56
Q

Furuncles (boils)

A
  • infections of the hair follicle that result in a pustule

- bacterial

57
Q

Furuncles (boils) S&S

A
  • back and neck usually infected
  • butt too
  • pustule

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