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BOC studying > Prentice Ch. 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musko-skeletal and Nerve Trauma > Flashcards

Prentice Ch. 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musko-skeletal and Nerve Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma

A

a physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

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2
Q

Force

A

when a force applied to any part of the body results in a harmful disturbance in function and or structure and a mechanical injury is said to have been sustained

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3
Q

load

A

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

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4
Q

stiffness

A

ability of a tissue to resist a load

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5
Q

stress

A

internal resistance to an external load

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6
Q

strain

A

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

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7
Q

deformation

A

change in the shape of a tissue

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8
Q

elasticity

A

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

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9
Q

yield point

A

elastic limit of tissue

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10
Q

plastic

A

deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

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11
Q

creep

A

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

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12
Q

mechanical failure

A

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain causing tissue to break down

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13
Q

tissue stresses

A 
compression
tension
shearing
bending 
torsion
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14
Q

compression

A

external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions

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15
Q

tension

A

force that pulls of stretches tissue. equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

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16
Q

shearing

A

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another (blisters or abrasions)

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17
Q

bending

A

two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (4 point). the original axis maintains itself while the convex side of the structure is elongated

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18
Q

torsion

A

caused by twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause sear stress over then entire cross section of that structure (spiral fractures)

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19
Q

Muscles are composed of…

A

contractile cells, or fibers that produce movement. they possess the ability to contract as well as the properties of irritability, conductivity, and elasticity

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20
Q

muscle strain

A

a stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon

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21
Q

Grade I strain

A
  • some muscle fibers have been stretched or actually torn.
  • some tenderness and pain on active motion.
  • full ROM
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22
Q

Grade 2 strain

A

a number of muscle fibers have been torn, and active contraction of the muscle is extremely painful

  • usually a depression can be felt in the muscle belly
  • ROM is decreased due to pain
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23
Q

Grade 3 strain

A
  • complete rupture of the muscle in the muscle belly at the point where it becomes a tendon
  • signifiant impairment or perhaps total loss of motion
  • pain is intense but quickly diminishes because of complete nerve fiber separation
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24
Q

Where are grade 3 strains the most common?

A

biceps brachii

achilles heel cord

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25
how long do hamstrings usually take to heal?
6-8 weeks
26
muscle cramps
- involuntary muscle contractions - happen from excessive loss of water and electrolytes - calf abdomen and hamstrings
27
Muscle guarding
muscle contraction in response to pain | follows musculoskeletal injury
28
Muscle spasms: clonic
involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession
29
Muscle spasms: tonic
type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time
30
muscle soreness
pain caused by overexertion in exercise
31
acute-onset muscle soreness
- accompanies fatigue | - transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise
32
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
- becomes most intense 24-48 hours and then subsides after 3-4 days
33
Tendon injuries
- breaking point occurs after a 6-8% increase in length - a tendon is usually double the strength of the muscle it serves, tears commonly occur at the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction or bony attachment
34
repetitive muscle tears
evolve into chronic muscle strain that resorbs collagen fibers and eventually weakens the tendon
35
tendon
tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
36
crepitus
a crackling feel or sound
37
how long to get rid of tendinitis
2 weeks of REST | biking or swimming
38
tendinosis
breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
39
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath
40
myofascial trigger point
discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia harder than normal
41
latent trigger point
does not cause spontaneous pain but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness
42
active trigger point
pain at rest | when pressure is applied "jump sign"
43
contusion
compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues
44
ecchymosis
bluish-purple discoloration of the skin
45
myositis ossificans
calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma
46
synovial joints
articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
47
Grade I sprain
some stretching. some separation of the ligament fibers joint stiffness localized swelling
48
Grade 2 sprain
some tearing and separation moderate instability of the joint moderate to severe swelling and joint stiffness
49
grade 3 sprain
``` total tear can result in a subluxation initially severe pain but subsides swelling may become great joint stiffness ```
50
ligaments heal slowly because...
poor blood supply
51
diastasis
separation of articulating bones
52
dislocation
a bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until surgically or manually replaced or reduced
53
subluxation
a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
54
osteoarthritis
a wearing down of hyaline cartilage
55
bursitis
occurs around joints where there is friction between the tendon and the bone
56
bursae
pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
57
Flat bones
skull, ribs and scapulae
58
irregular bones
vertebral column, skull
59
short bones
wrist and ankle
60
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula and phalances
61
diaphysis
main shaft of the long bone | hollow and cylindrical
62
epiphysis
located at the end of long bones | spongelike
63
periosteum
dense white fibrous membrane covers long bones except at joint surfaces
64
osteoblasts
provide bone growth and repair
65
osteoclasts
bone-remodeling cells
66
closed fracture
one which there is little or no movement
67
open fracture
enough displacement of the featured ends that the bone actually breaks though surrounding tissue
68
greenstick fracture
incomplete breaks in bones | children
69
comminuted fracture
3 or more fragments | hard blow or fall in an awkward position
70
linear fracture
bone splits along its length | jumping from a height
71
transverse fracture
occur in a straight line | direct outside blow usually causes this injury
72
oblique fracture
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting wile the other end is fixed
73
spiral fracture
S-shaped | foot is firmly planted when the body is suddenly rotated in an opposing direction
74
impacted fracture
fall from height | long bone to receive directly on its long axis a force of magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
75
blowout fracture
serrated fractures in which the two bony fragments have a sawtooth, sharp edged fracture line
76
depressed frature
often in flat bones | found in skull
77
contrecoup fracture
an athlete may be hit on one side of the head with such force that the brain and internal structures compress against the opposite side of the skull, causing a fracture
78
stress fracture
overload caused by muscle contraction, amenorrhea, altered stress distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue, a change in the ground reaction force
79
Epiphyseal conditions: type 1
complete separation of the physics in relation to the metaphysics without fracture to bone
80
epiphyseal conditions: type 2
separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis
81
epiphyseal conditions: type 3
fracture of the physis
82
epiphyseal conditions: type 4
fracture of a portion of the physics and the metaphysis
83
epiphyseal conditions: type 5
no displacement of the physics, but the cursing force can cause a growth deformity
84
neuropraxia
interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber
85
neuritis
chronic nerve problem | can be caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time

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