prep Flashcards
1
Q
Germ theory
A
- Pasteur - 1861
- microbes in air caused decay, not other way round
- he proved germs were in air by showing closed flask of water stayed sterile and open one bred germs
2
Q
Great stink
A
- London - 1858
- waste in London drained into water sources (including Thames)
- in summer, heat caused water levels to drop and bacteria to grow in waste, leading to very bad smell
3
Q
What happened in the cholera epidemics
A
- reached Britain in 1831
- killed 21,000 by 1832
- spread by infected sewage getting into drinking water
- caused diarrhoea + often death from water loss
- recurred in 1948,53-54,65-66
4
Q
What happened with disease in 19th century
A
- Germ theory - 1861
- Koch found bacteria causing cholera, TB, sceptacaemia
- Pasteur helped developed vaccines for chicken cholera
- first magic bullet - Salvarsan 606
- Snow proved cholera caused by contaminated water
5
Q
Industrial Living conditions
A
- clean water in short supply - came from water pumps
- slum housing - cramped + overcrowded
- diseases like cholera spread easily
6
Q
19th century public health individuals
A
- Edwin Chadwick - 1842 report highlighted poor living conditions, influenced government into first public health act
- John Snow - proved cholera caused by contaminated water
- Bazalgette - designed new London sewer system
7
Q
First public health act
A
- 1848
- general board of health - Chadwick 1 of 3 commissioners
- allowed towns to set up health boards - voluntary
8
Q
Second public health act
A
- 1875
- local councils responsible for ensuring there was clean water, public toilets, rubbish removal, sewers, drains
9
Q
What is manifest destiny
A
1840 - Americans though that it was their providence (God-given right) to expand territories from coast to coast in North America
10
Q
What was the reason for Manifest Destiny
A
- first half of the 19th century - American population went 5 million in 1800 to 23 million in 1850
- Americans looked westward for land + opportunities + to escape economic depressions of 1819/1839
11
Q
What was the impact of Manifest Destiny
A
- US government expanded territories to west to make room for settlers, Native Indians were forcibly removed through the
- 1830 Indian Removal Act - ¼ of Cherokee Indians killed in conflicts
- expansion ignited Mexican-
American War + increased conflict with Great Britain - Indians became distrustful of white
American settlers
12
Q
Who became the leader of the Mormons in 1845
A
Brigham Young
13
Q
Why did people dislike the Mormons
A
They were against slavery
14
Q
Why did Young choose Slat Lake City for the Mormons
A
- isolated
- water + fertile soil
- could practice beliefs safely
15
Q
How did Brigham Young help the mormons to settle in salt lake
A
- made sure all families had enough land
- led cooperative work to build irrigation system for easy water access
16
Q
Give 3 reason people moved West
A
- better farmlands
- better climate
- to esccape economic depression from 1937
17
Q
How did Brigham Young prepare the Mormons for the journey
A
- planned out how each batch of wagons would survive
- send pioneer band in April
18
Q
Give 3 hazards of the journey West
A
- Native American attacks
- crowded wagons
- journey was long and tiring
19
Q
Why did the 49’ers move west
A
To seek wealth
20
Q
What problems did the Gold Rush cause?
A
- towns grew rapidly
- racial tensions between Americans/Hispanics/Chinese grew worse
21
Q
Why was tipi used
A
- ideal living space
- allowed fire to escape
- easy assembly
- could be quickly moved for nomadic lifestyle
- well supported
22
Q
How did Indians organise society
A
- cheifs led tribes
- tribes divided into council of elders who made important decisions
- societies - warrior, quillor
23
Q
Why did Indians go to war
A
- gold rush
- abuse from Indian agents
- civil war
- Kansas/Nebraska states bringing settlers
24
Q
Uses of buffalo
A
- food
- shelter
- clothing
- medicine
- e.g- smoke dung on special occasions
25
Permanent Indian Frontier
- white settlers began moved west for land + peace + wealth
- Indians encountered challenges with settler confrontations, resulted in forced removal from their homelands and separation between whites and Indian
- wouldn't end up being compulsory
26
Indian removal act
- process of moving Indian tribes from homelands to other side of permanent Indian Frontier
- trail of tears - depicted horrors of process, many Indians form tribes like Seminole/Cherokee died
27
Indian Appropriations act
- 1851
- reserved land for Native Indians controlled by government
- forced them to leave traditional land
- Indians were prohibited from hunting buffalo outside reservations
- Indians encouraged to live like white settlers
28
What did the Fort Laramie treaty agree
- recognition of boundaries set by the US government as their territories,
- each Indian nation to appoint head-chiefs to deal with all national business
- $50,000 per year for 10 years given to Indian nations who honoured the treaty
- parties who violated the treaty would pay compensation to the US government
29
What happened in Little Crow’s War
- Crows's attacks killed five white settlers - next day - chief joined his band and raided the reservation agency storehouse for supplies
- over 700 white settlers and US soldiers killed
- gov sent large army reinforcements
- Little Crow was shot dead and the Dakota Sioux warriors surrendered
30
What happened in the Cheyenne Uprising
- early 1860s - Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians began attacking settlements along the Oregon Trail due to terrible conditions on their reservations
- attacked Upper Blue River in Nebraska - 100 were killed
- By 1863 - full-scale war broke out in the Southern Plains
- next year - Cheyenne tribe agreed to move to smaller reservations
31
What happened in Red Cloud’s War
- caused by the discovery of gold in the Rocky Mountains in Montana - US government did nothing to stop settlers from breaking terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty
- new Bozeman trail crossed the Lakota Sioux hunting grounds which meant thousands of gold prospectors became trespassers
- Sioux people attacked travellers along trail
32
What were the consequences of the Indian Wars
- 5,000-500,000 deaths from 1860-1890
- each time, many Indians sentenced to death
- excessive buffalo slaughter damaged fur trade
33
Background of Sand Creek Massacre
29 November 1864 - Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians killed by Colonel John Chivington + volunteers at Sand Creek, Colorado.
34
Cause of Sand Creek Massacre
- 29 November
- Chivington + men attacked Native American women, men and children
- Sand Creek - 148 of Black Kettle’s band killed + 9 of
Chivington’s men
- volunteers returned and killed wounded + mutilated bodies + village on fire
35
Effect of Sand Creek Massacre
- attack considered a form of treachery
- Chivington resigned from military
- Black Kettle survived attack, continued peace mission
- year later - Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians accepted new reservation in Indian Territory
36
Background of Fetterman's trap
21 December 1866 - Indians under leadership of Red Cloud + Crazy Horse ambushed Lieutenant
Colonel William Fetterman + soldiers
37
Cause of Fetterman's trap
- 1863 - John Bozeman blazed new trail through Sioux hunting grounds
- Cheyenne + Arapaho Indians under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
- Bozeman Trail - route for gold prospectors to Montana
- In response, Indians of Great Plains attacked travellers crossing trail
38
Effect of Fetterman's trap
- 40,000 arrows rained down killing Fetterman + men
- greatest defeat of US troops in west prior to Battle of
Little Bighorn
- Indians continued attacking, forcing army to reinforce protection along Bozeman Trail
- by 1868 - forts abandoned + military withdrew
- one of few Native American victories
