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Human Bio I Flashcards > Primates > Flashcards

Primates Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

homology

A

close relatives share similar traits due to common ancestory

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2
Q

phylogenetic constraints

A

evolutionary history limits the variations observed in current populations/species

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3
Q

vestigial traits

A

‘legacies’ from ancestors that are not functional at present

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4
Q

convergence

A

traits of unrelated or more distantly related groups appear similar due to common selective pressures - rather than common ancestors (analogous/homoplastic traits)

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5
Q

examples of humans an primates being similar (4) (4)

A
  1. warfare
  2. culture and traditions, west african chimpanezes using hammers
  3. prosocial behaviour (caring about the welfare of someone else)
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6
Q

main reasons for studying primates reasoning by homology (4)

A

Closely related species tend to
be similar morphologically
because they share traits
acquired through descent
from a common ancestor
› studies of living primates
often give us more insight
into the anatomy and
behaviour of our ancestors
than do studies of other
organisms

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7
Q

main reasons for studying primates reasoning by analogy (4)

A

Natural selection leads to similar
organisms in similar
environments > by assessing
the diversity in the behaviour
and morphology of organisms in
relation to their environments,
we can see how evolution
shapes adaptation in response
to different selective pressures

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8
Q

clade (4)

A

clade = radiated from a single ancestory

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9
Q

ancestral traits in the order primates (4) (4)

A
  • vertebrae (all vertebrates)
  • homothermic (includes birds + mammals)
  • hair and mammary glands (mammals)
  • arboreal & nocturnal (insectivora = close order to primates)
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10
Q

derived and ancestral meaning (4)

A

ancestral = retained from ancestral groups

derived = newly arising in focal taxon

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11
Q

ancestral (primitive) traits of primates (4)

A
  • insectivore
  • arboreal
  • nocturnal
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12
Q

primate derived traits related to arboreal lifestyle (4) (4)

A
  • prehensile (grasping) hands/feet
  • opposable big toe
  • stereoscopic vision (forward facing orbits
  • Olfactory (smelling) apparatus reduced
  • Nails (versus claws)
  • Unspecialised teeth
  • Relatively large brain (relative to body size)
  • Small litter size (most usually have 1 baby at a time)
  • Prolonged dependency of young

BUT:
- None of them makes primates unique
- Not every primate possesses all of these traits-

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13
Q

binocular vision (4)

A

fields of vision of the 2 eyes overlap so that both eyes perceive the
same image

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14
Q

steroscopic vision (4)

A

= each eye sends a signal of the visual
image to both hemispheres in
the brain to create an image
with depth

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15
Q

color vision (4)

A

all diurnal primates have it,
nocturnal primates don’t

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16
Q

prosimii vs anthropoidea (4)

A

anthropoidea = postorbital plate
prosimii = postorbital bar

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17
Q

olfactory apparatus is reduced in primates (4)

A

decreased reliance on sense of smell
(olfaction) -> reduction in sensory areas of brain and in snout
- especially in diurnal primates

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18
Q
A

primates in general have nails, non-primates have claws

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19
Q

unspecicalised teeth (4) (4)

A
  • utility
  • processing food
  • weapons in conflicts
  • Primates have generalized
    dentition
  • Teeth tell us something about
  • dietary preferences
  • age of individuals and
    developmental patterns
  • phylogenetic relationships
  • social structure
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20
Q

dental formula in humans

Study These Flashcards
A

top jaw/ lower jaw on one side of mandible

2123

2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars

21
Q

what does the 2123 dental formula do

Study These Flashcards
A

2123 distinguishes an old world primate from a new world primate

22
Q

relatively large brain (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Primates generally
    evolved larger body size
  • Brain increases with
    increase in body size
  • Primate brains
    increased in size more
    rapidly than body size
23
Q

(4)

Study These Flashcards
A

Modes of locomotion
Vertical clinging and leaping
Quadrupedalism
Brachiation
Bipedalism

Dentition & diet

Tooth form, differentiation, size, enamel
Sexual dimorphism in canines
Diet (insects, fruit, leaves, seeds & tubers, meat)

Sociality
Solitary
Monogamous pairs
Polyandry
~ Polygyny

Brain development

Large relative to body size compared to other mammals
Hominids relatively larger still

24
Q

prosimians

Study These Flashcards
A

Prosimii (‘before monkeys”)
Earliest primate group 55+ MYA
- More reliance on olfaction
- long snout
- moist, fleshy pad (rhinarium) at
end of nose
use scent marking
- “split” upper lip
- Dental comb
- Unfused mandible (lower iaw bones)
- Dental formula most 2133/2133
- Post orbital bar, not plate
- Many nocturnal
- Tapetum lucidum
reflective layer in eye that
maximizes use of light
Quadrupedal & mostly arboreal

25
Prosimii: Lorisoidea (4)
2 families - Lorises (Lorisisdae) - Galagos (Galagidae) Africa and SE Asia 2133/2133 Quadrupedal climbers Nocturnal, arboreal, solitary Leave their dependent offspring in nests
26
Family: Galagidae: Galago spp. (Galagos or bush babies)
Continental Africa Long bushy tails Large ear pinna Nocturnal Leapers
27
Prosimii: Lemuroidea, Family: Lemuridae
Madagascar Diverse taxon Most nocturnal Most arboreal Some torpor state of decreased physiological activity Females dominant
28
Lemuridae: Lemur catta (Ring-tailed Lemur)
Madagascar * 3 kg * Diurnal, partly terrestrial * Social * Scent mark vegetation * Males display waving ‘scented’ tails (‘stink fight’)
29
Lemuroidea: Indridae: Indri indri (Indri)
Madagascar * Diurnal, arboreal * Ca 7 kg * Vertical clinging & leaping
30
what is the Tarsioidea
Tarsioidea: Intermediate to Prosimii & Anthropoidea
31
Anthropoidea vs Prosimii
Anthropoidea = postorbital plate Prosimii = postorbital bar
32
Tarsioidea
East Asia * Nocturnal and arboreal * 110 grams * Dental formula 2133/ 1133 * Diet: 100% animal prey * Incomplete postorbital plate * Grooming claws (2) * Eye larger than brain * Rotate head almost 180 degrees * Clinging and leaping * Solitary (except females + young)
33
Anthropoidea: New World & Old World Monkeys & Apes
Single clade (all from one ancestor) * No grooming claw (all nails) * No tapetum lucidum * Largely diurnal * Fused lower jaw * Short snout / reduced olfactory reliance * Postorbital plate * Larger relative brain size than prosimians
34
Platyrrhini (‘flat noses’): Ceboidea (New World Monkeys / American Monkeys)
Only Ceboidea (but not all) have prehensile (grasping) tails * Dental usually 2133/2133 * Sideways-facing nares (nostrils) * Completely arboreal * Diurnal (except 1 genus) * Two large families – Cebidae – Callitrichidae * reduced body size * 2132/2132
35
Ceboidea: Cebidae
Diverse family * Dental 2133/2133 * >3-8 kg * All nails * Many with prehensile tail * Diurnal * Social * Leaves, fruit, animal matter
36
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus & Sapajus spp.)
Social conventions (traditions) Tool use
37
Ceboidea: Callitrichidae
All <1 kg * Dental = 2132/2132 (molar reduction!) * Claw-like nails (reversal) except 1st toe * Diurnal * Diet: fruit, gum, animal * Family groups of 5-10 * Most twin
38
Catarrhini (‘narrow noses’): Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys)
1 family (Cercopithecidae) = Old World monkeys * Dental: 2123/2123 * Bilophodont molars * Ischial callosities near tail * Some with sexual swellings * Tail never prehensile * Wide variety of habitats * 2 subfamilies * Cercopithecinae – largely fruit eating * Colobinae – largely leaf eating
39
Subfamily Colobinae
Africa, Asia * Arboreal (most) * Leaf and seed eaters, lichen (some) * Have complex stomachs * Often found in ‘harems’
40
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Africa & Asia * Variable in size * Typically live in medium or large bisexual groups (multimale-multifemale)
41
Examples of Cercopithecinae
Mandrill (Mandrillus ) * Most brightly coloured mammal * Lives in supergroups, sometimes exceeding 1000
42
Catarrhini: Hominoidea (Apes and Humans )
* Larger body (usually) * No tails * Limb arrangement reflecting brachiation – rotation of shoulder & scapula – ventral-dorsal flattening of trunk (shallow chest) – wrist joint flexibility * Longer forelimb than hindlimb – human reversal * Y-5 molars on mandible * Relatively even larger brains * Prolonged dependency of young
43
Hominoidea: Hylobatidae (Gibbons)
* SE Asia * Diurnal, arboreal * 6-8 kg * Brachiators * Ischial callosities * Monomorphic body size (but some dichromatism) * Mostly fruit * Monogamous * Territorial * Vocal duets
44
Hominoidea: Pongidae (Orangutans)
Orangutan (Pongo ) – 2 species * Borneo & Sumatra * Ca 37-77 kg * Males 2x female body weight * No ischial callosities * Quadrumanous * Cheek flanges in dominant males * Diurnal, arboreal * Most solitary * Slowest life history of all primates – age at first reproduction: 15 yrs – inter-birth interval: 9 yrs
45
Hominoidea: Hominidae (African Apes & Humans)
Gorilla (Gorilla) * 70-170 kg; males = 2x females * No ischial callosities * Knuckle walk * More terrestrial * Mainly folivorous * Typically in one-male groups
46
Hominoidea: Hominidae
2 species – chimpanzee – bonobo * 31-60 kg * Knuckle walk * Quadruped; climbing * Fruit, leaves, animals
47
Behavioural peculiarities of chimps andx. bonobos
Large mixed sex communities – female chimps disperse from their natal groups when they reach maturity; males remain in their natal groups – members of the community are rarely found together in a unified group; they split up into smaller parties (fission-fusion) – in chimps, the strongest social bonds are formed among males; in bonobos females form stronger bonds with their adult sons * Chimps modify natural objects for use as tool in the wild * Chimps co-operatively hunt other primates * Bonobos: ‘make love not war’ ape – sex eases tension between individuals & may allow them to feed near one another without undue stress
48
Behavioural ecology
Behavioural ecology: the study of behaviour from an evolutionary and ecological perspective

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

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