Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Bio I Flashcards > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

tissue defintion

A

groups of cells that are similar in terms of structure and perform a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nervous tissue function

A

communication and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

connective tissue function

A

support and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

covering and lining body surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

muscular tissue function

A

movement and generation of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nverous tissue characteristics

A

Makes up nervous system

  • Excitable
  • Concerned with
    communication and control
  • Highly cellular
  • 2 maior cell types
  • Neurons that generate and
    conduct nerve impulses
    (excitable)
  • Supporting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epithelium function

A

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities & tubes,

forms the secretory portion of glands

Functionally = selective barrier
(secretion, absorption, transport, protection, receptor function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how to tell if cell is epithelium

A

is there freee space (white void) above it, highly cellular,

Cells are in very close contact - very little intercellular (= between cells) space due to cell junctions

Cells exhibit polarity (top, sides & bottom) - morphology & function

Arranged in sheets

Highly regenerative (mitotic)
vascular (nourishment via diffusion)

Basement membrane - BM + cell unctions are indicative of epithelium (explained soon).

Sits on connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do epithelial cells have highest rate of cancer

A

Epithelial cells are so mitotically active

(barrier /protective function) that theyundergo the highest number of replications of all tissue types. Increased replications,
increases risk of mutations.

Due to their protective function, epithelium is exposed to higher amounts of carcinogenic compounds - these often mutate DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

three domains of epithelia (3)

A

Apical Domain - faces free surface;

apical specialisations may be present

Lateral Domain - specialisations to keep cells very closely packed and tightly bound

Basal Domain - rests on a basement
membrane to which it is tightly bound

All 3 domains contribute to epithelium’s function of “barrier”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epithelial apical specialisations -

A

cilia and microvilli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

Cilia are much taller and wider
compared to microvilli and they have
a more complicated internal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lateral domain function

A

Resist stress

Controls what can go
across cells (barrier)

Communication between
cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

three types of cell junctions

A

cells very closely packed

(little extra-cellular / inter-
cellular matrix) and tightly bound
(tight junctions, desmosomes)
+ gap junctions
(cell to cell communication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basal domain of epithelia

A

all epithelium is in direct association with a basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

basement membrane function, defintion, what is it made up of?

A

Basement membrane (BM) = basal lamina (attachment site for
overlying epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue)

+ hemidesmosomes

+ underlying layer of connective tissue fires attached to BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(4)

A

Functions = structural attachment - provides binding sites for cell
adhesion molecules; tissue organisation during development;
guides cellular differentiation & inhibits or promotes cell
proliferation & migration; semi-permeable selective barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

classification of epithelia in terms of numbers of layers

A

1 = simple
more than 1 = stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

classification of epithelia cell shapes

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

simple squamous cells, location, function, description. (4)

A

Simple squamous cells are flat (width greater than height), nucleus bulges but is flattened and lies
parallel to the surface of the epithelium.

function Simple barrier
Rapid transfer / exchange
- fluids and gases

location

Lines blood vessels (endothelium
Body cavities (mesothelium)
Kidneys
(part of the glomerular capsule)
Lungs (forms alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

simple cuboidal (4)

A

Simple cuboidal - cells as wide and deep as they are tall, nucleus is round, microvilli sometimes present

Functions:
Barrier
Absorption
Secretion

loication

Secretary portions and ducts of small glands
Surface of the ovary,
Kidney tubules,
Thyroid follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

simple colomnar

A

single layer of cells taller than they are wide, sausage shaped nucleus tends to be positioned at the cell’s base.

May have microvilli (brush border) or cilia on apical surface.

Note the simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

simple colomnar function

A

Barrier (e.g. from
stomach acid)
Absorption
Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

simple colomnar location

A

Stomach,
Small & large
intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pseudostratified Columnar description
Pseudostratified Columnar - looks stratified because of the way the nuclei are arranged but not all cells reach the surface. All cells sit on the basement membrane so classified as simple.
26
Pseudostratified Columnar function
Functions: Barrier Absorption Secretion Conduit
27
Pseudostratified Columnar locations (4)
Location examples: Trachea & bronchi Vas deferens & epididymis of male reproductive tract
28
two types of stratified squamous (4)
non-keratinised - look at top layer of cells, if you can see nuclei, meaning that that top layer of cells is alive and they're alive because they're in a moist environment keratinised - if you cant see nuclei in the top layer, you are dealing with compacted dead cells
29
functions of stratified squamous (4)
barrier, protection against abrasion
30
locations of stratified squamous cells (4)
epidermis, oral cavity, and oesophagus, vagina
31
transitional epithelium (4)
cell with two nuclei Functions: stretches to allow distension of the urinary tract; protects the underlying tissues from osmotic damage from urine (barrier) Locations: Parts of the kidney, ureters, bladder, part of the urethra
32
Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Secretion (4)
Columnar epithelium of the stomach and gastric glands
33
Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Absorption (4)
Columnar epithelium of intestines & cuboidal epithelium in parts of the nephron in the kidneys
34
Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Transport (4)
Transport of materials along the surface of the epithelium (pseudostratified columnar) Transport of material across an epithelium to and from the underlying connective tissue (simple epithelia)
35
Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Protection (4)
Stratified squamous & transitional
36
Thinking about epithelium in terms of function: Receptor Function
Receive and transduce external stimuli, e.g. taste bids, olfactory epithelium, retina
37
gland definition
Gland = cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body The gland itself may produce a product (secretion) OR the product may be something removed from tissues and modified by the gland (excretion)
38
types of glands
2 types of glands Exocrine usually maintains contact with surface by way of duct (a tube of epithelium that conveys secretion to Surface). Examples = salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands (I) Endocrine - no contact with surface (lost during development). so no ducts: product (= hormones) is secreted directly into the blood. Examples = pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands Some glands are unicellular. ea. goblet cells Some organs have both exocrine and endocrine unctions, e.g. pantieds
39
types of secretion
Serous - thin watery secretion, e.g. tears, sweat, digestive juices Mucous - secrete mucin (glycoprotein), mixes with H,O to produce mucus e.g. goblet cells Mixed - contain both serous and mucous cells, e.g. some salivary glanas
40
Modes of Secretion
Merocrine = product released oy eXoCyIOSIS sometimes called eccrine (e.g. salivary glands) Apocrine = droplets covered by cell membrane and a verv thin laver of cvtoplasm bud off from cell sunace (e.g. milk lals) Holocrine = cells accumulate a product and then cell disintegrates (nereby becomina the produci lea. sebaceous alands
41
connective tissue info 2 know (4)
Many varied functions Most widely variable of all tissue types Common embryological origin Extracellular matrix separates cells Cells are widely spaced compared to other tissues May or may not be vascularised
42
connective tissue function
Binding & packing (epithelium, capsules around organs & joints; fat) Support (bone, cartilage and fat) Protection (bone & fat) Insulation (fat) Transport (blood - delivers phagocytic anc immune cells where required)
43
connective tissue what is it (4)
cells + matrix = connective tissue space occupying matrix will always be greater than space occupied by cells cell produce the matrix, cells are widely spread matrix - determine the properties of the CT = fibres + ground substance ground substance has fibres and cells
44
fibres (4)
all proteins by cells (transcription and translation) G1 phase of the cell cycle.
45
CT cells (4)
can exist in mature and immature phases prefix often reflects CT type: fibro, osteo, chondro undifferentiated (immature) cells are actively mitotic and secrete fibres and ground substance: suffix = "blast" (producer) if tissue matrix is damaged, mature cells can revert to immature forms for the purpose of repair.
46
ground substance
simplest example = clear. amorphous, viscous fluid / ge
47
ground substance functionc (4)
Fills up spaces between cells and fibres of CT Acts as a molecular sieve Allows for rapid diffusion of small molecules Acts as a barrier to penetration of large molecules and foreign particles into tissues, e.g. bacteria and toxins Transport of metabolites to and from blood vessels Maintenance of electrolvte balance Composed of interstitial fluid (- fluid that surrounds cells), cell adhesion proteins (to anchor cells in place), hydrophilic molecules - proteoglycans (characteristic CT molecules, function is to trap water)
48
collagen fibres
very strong, high tensile strength (resistance to breaking under tension - stretch sionuv wavy albeane some dive but not elastic. manv different tvoes
49
elastic fibres
finer than collagen capacitv to stretch and recoil
50
reticular fibres (4) (first sentence)
very fine form of collagen not visible in most photomicrographs used in HB1
51
General (fibrous) connective tissue = connective tissue proper
(i) General (fibrous) connective tissue = connective tissue proper Two subgroups Loose CT (Areolar, Reticular) Dense CT (Dense regular, Dense irregular)
52
Specialised Connective tissues
(ii) Specialised Connective tissues Adipose tissue Lymphoid tissue Blood Cartilage Bone Differences between different classes and subgroups reflect cell type, fibre type and the proportion of matrix occupied by fibres
53
Loose Connective Tissue
2 types: reticular and areolar Not expected to recognise reticular (photomicrograph is FYI only) Features = abundance of reticular fibres. Provides a supportive mesh for cells in delicate, cellular organs like liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes
54
Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar CT = all 3 fibre types + fibrocytes (fibroblast used interchangeably) + white blood cells, macrophages (= big phagocytes), adipocytes (fat cells).
55
Areolar CT = widely distributed packing material of the body. Binds body parts but allows them to move freely over one another Fibres run in multiple directions. This allows for movement in many directions because the ground substance is semi-fluid / gelatinous.
56
dense connective tissue types
regular and irregular Predominant fibre type is collagen Fibres occupy more space than either cells or ground substance.
57
dense regular
Fibres all aligned in same direction. Thick bundles of collagen Poor blood supply Fresh tissue is white High tensile strength (= resists a lols Ol Torce neire breaking) Very flexible so bends but doesn't stretch much
58
dense irregular
Same elements as dense regular but fibres are arranged in many different directions. Forms sheets of tissue where tension is exerted in many different directions Examples = dermis of the skin, joint capsules, fibrous capsules of many organs, e.g. kidneys, testes, bones and muscles.
59
adipose tissue (4)
areolar CT that has been modified to store fat droplets
60
brown adipose tissue
associated with infants
61
white adipose tissue features (4)
Features: well vascularised Predominant cell type = adipocvte Very little matrix as cells occupy so much space. Areolar tissue can always convert to adipose tissue.
62
white adipose tissue functions
Functions: Stores nutrients Absorbs shock Insulates Holds some organs in place, e.g, kidneys, spinal cord and eyes = structural fat
63
white adipose tissue locations
Locations: as above + subcutaneous
64
blood as a CT (4)
Cells = BC (anucleate) & WBC (nucleate), platelets (fragments) Ground substance = liquid, plasma Fibres are soluble in the plasma and only evident during clotting. Functions: Transport - O nutrients, waste, hormones Protection - WBC, antibodies, platelets Regulation - Homeostasis (pH, body temperature, fluid distribution)
65
three types of cartilage (4)
hyaline, elastic, & fibrocartilage all avascular, Intermediate between dense CT and bone toiugh but some flexibility can attach muscles and tendons to it cells called chondroblasts and chondrocytes no nerve supply so good for covering joints most cartiliafge is covered by perichondrium (dense irregular CT)
66
functions of cartilage (4) (4)
provides shape and support; template for bone growth; resists compressive forces
67
locations of cartilage
hyaline (synovial joints, trachea, fetal skeleton, growth zones off skeleton) elastic (epiglottis, external ear) fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
68
Chondroblasts - actively deposit matrix
69
Chondrocytes-maintenance
70
vascular so nourished via diffusion from the perichondrium (dense irregular CT capsule) = limit to cartilage thickness because there is a limit to effective diffusion
71
Perichondrium houses chondroblasts - can add to cartilage.
72
Ground substance has firmly bound collagen fibres (whether or not they are visible depends on collagen type and number of fibres). Ground substance contains up to 80% water bound to hydrophilic molecules to create stiffness
73
cartilage growth
Cartilage grows by both interstitial and appositional means.
74
Interstitial
Interstitial = intervening space - grows from the middle outwards - cells sitting the matrix divide and then lay down more matrix.
75
Appositional
Appositional - to apply adding more cartilage to the outside.

Human Bio I Flashcards (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions