Principles anatomy Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What does the central medullary cavity of a bone contain?
A
Bone marrow
2
Q
Where would you find periosteum, where is it not present, and what is its function?
A
- Coats the outer surfaces of bones
- Absent where ligaments and cartilage are attached
- Contains vasculature and nerve supply
3
Q
What does the epiphyseal growth plate do?
A
Lays out cartilage which gradually transforms to bone
4
Q
What is meant by endochondral ossification?
A
The process by which cartilage turns to bone during development
5
Q
What is meant by a ‘callus’ in terms of bone healing?
A
A callus is the mass of tissue that forms between bone ends when a fracture is healing
6
Q
What is the axial skeleton made up of and what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
A
AXIAL - skull -cervical vertebrae -hyoid bone - trunk - ribs, sternum, spine APPENDICULAR -pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) -upper limbs -pelvic girdle -lower limbs
7
Q
Which 4 bones are considered as the viscerocranium?
A
Nasal bones
zygomatic bones
maxilla
mandible
8
Q
Describe the spine in terms of how many vertebrae there are, and what they are called
A
33 vertebrae in total 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 4 Coccyx
9
Q
Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has no body and no spinous process?
A
C1
10
Q
Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has an odontoid process?
A
C2
11
Q
Describe the classification of the 12 ribs
A
1-7 = true ribs 8-10 = false ribs 11-12 = floating ribs
12
Q
What are sutures and syndesmoses?
A
- Sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
- Syndesmoses are fibrous joints which unite bones with fibrous sheet
13
Q
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
A
Limited mobility
Stable
E.g sutures and syndesmoses
14
Q
Describe cartilaginous joints
A
Limited mobility relatively stable PRIMARY - joined by hyaline cartilage e.g long bone epiphyseal growth plate SECONDARY - jones by fibrocartilage e.g intervertebral discs
15
Q
Describe the composition of an intervertebral disc
A
Outer fibrous ring = ‘annul fibrosus’
Inner soft part = ‘nucleus pulpous’
16
Q
Which is the most mobile type of joint?
A
SYNOVIAL
17
Q
What is the least mobile type of joint?
A
FIBROUS
18
Q
Give an example of a primary and a secondary cartilaginous joint
A
Primary cartilaginous joint - Epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary cartilaginous going- Intervertebral discs
19
Q
Name a plane synovial joint and describe its movement
A
Acromioclavicular joint - sliding movements
20
Q
Name a hinge synovial joint
A
Elbow joint
21
Q
Name a biaxial joint
A
Carpometacarpal joint
22
Q
Name a ball and socket joint
A
Hip joint
23
Q
Name a pivot joint
A
Atlanta- axial joint ( in the neck)
24
Q
What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?
A
- Subluxation is a partial dislocation in which there is reduced area of contact between two articular surfaces
- Dislocation involves complete loss of contact between two articular surfaces
25
Name a circular skeletal muscle
Orbicularis Oris
26
Name a flusiform skeletal muscle
Biceps Brachii
27
Name a flat skeletal muscle with aponeurosis
External oblique
28
Name a pennate skeletal muscle
Deltoid
29
Name a quadrate skeletal muscle
Rectus abdominus
30
What is a tendon and what is an aponeurosis?
A tendon attaches muscle to bone
| An aponeurosis attaches tendon to soft tissue
31
Which 3 bones does the deltoid muscle attach to?
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
32
What is the difference between muscle paralysis and muscle spasticity?
In muscle paralysis there is complete loss of function and loss of motor activity. There is reduced tone.
In muscle spasticity there is a problem with the descending controls from the brain but the motor controls are still intact. There is increased tone.
33
What is meant by 'compartment syndrome'?
When fascia creates an enclosed space, can cause swelling or accumulation of fluid
34
What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
35
Within which structure of the female reproductive tract does fertilisation normal occur?
Ampulla of the uterine tube
36
What is meant by an ectopic pregnancy?
When the fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
37
Which structure is located along the length of the testes at is posterior aspect, with its contents moving from superior to inferior in direction?
Epididymis
38
Which structure is formed from the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle?
Ejaculatory duct
39
Name a pair of glands which are located in the pelvis, posterior to the bladder
Seminal vesicles
40
Where is the site of sperm production and which muscle helps to control temperature within this structure?
Seminiferous tubules
| - the dartos muscle (contracts in cold temperatures and relaxes in hot temperatures)
41
List 5 structures found within the spermatic cord
```
Testicular artery
Pampniform plexus of veins
Vas deferens
Nerves
Lymphatics
```
42
Where is the spermatic cord located?
Within the scrotum at the posterior aspect of the testes
43
Where does the ejaculatory duct drain into?
Drains its contents into the prostatic urethra
44
What is the tunica vaginalis?
The sac within the scrotum which surrounds the testis
45
Which autonomic nerves control erection and ejaculation?
POINT AND SHOOT
Parasympathetic control erection
Sympathetic control ejaculation
46
Which structure is sectioned and ligated in a male sterilisation procedure? and what is this procedure called?
VAS DEFERENS
| Vasectomy
47
Which lung has 3 lobes?
The right lung
48
What are 'conchae'?
Bony structures in the nasal cavity which create turbulent air flow, allowing the air to be warmed as it comes in to contact with the mucosa
49
What is the function of the buccinator muscle and where is it located?
It is a muscle of the cheek important for chewing
50
What is a function of the orbicular oris muscle?
It prevents drooling
51
What are the names of then 4 sets of tastebuds on the tongue?
Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform
52
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? (start at the most superolateral on the right side)
Right Hypochodnrium, Epigastric, Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
Right Inguinal, Pubic, Left Inguinal
53
In which direction do afferent and efferent neutrons travel?
Afferent - Sensory to the CNS
| Efferent - Motor from CNS to effectors
54
The outermost layer of the brain, the cerebral vesocortex, has bumps and gaps - what are these called?
```
Gyri = bumps
Sulci = gaps
```
55
At what area do sensations from the body wall reach consciousness in the brain?
Primary somatosensory area
56
What is the diencephalon made up from?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
57
where is the pituitary gland located?
At the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
58
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
59
What is the function of the 4 parathyroid hormones?
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium concentration in the blood
60
Which ribs cover the superior aspects of the kidneys?
Ribs 11 and 12
61
Which renal artery is longer, the right or the left?
| Which renal vein is longer, the right or the left?
Right renal artery is longest
| Left renal vein is longest
62
Which two structures of a nephron make up the 'Renal Corpuscle'?
The Bowman's Capsule and the Glomerulus
63
Which area of the spinal cord does sympathetic outflow come from?
T1 - L2
64
What is the blood supply to the brain
Internal carotid artery
| Vertebral artery
65
Where can rib notching develop?
Around pulsations
66
Explain the lymphatic drainage to the venous angles in the body
The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle
| The left thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle
67
Which 4 cartilage make up the larynx?
Hyoid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
Arytenoid
68
What type of joint is an interosseous membrane?
Syndesmoses fibrous joint
69
The posterior hypothalamus is activated by cold and the anterior hypothalamus is activated by warmth. True/ False?
True
70
what are the 3 layers of fascia that overly the scrotum from superficial to deep?
External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal spermatic fascia
71
Describe the atlanto-occipital joint
A joint between C1 and the occipital bone of the nuerocranium
72
Describe the acromioclavicular joint
A joint between the acromial end of the clavicle and the accromium process of the scapula
73
Describe a facet joint
Articulation between vertebrae
74
What is meant by an interosseous membrane?
A fibrous sheet tha connects bones. E.g the radius and the ulna
75
What are the resident cells of cartilage called?
Chondrocytes
76
At what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L2
77
How many teeth do adults usually have?
32
78
Where does fertilisation normally occurs?
The ampulla of the uterine tube
79
How many bones make up the vertebral column?
33
80
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx)
81
How much flexion can a shoulder joint do?
180 degrees of flexion
82
What are the two types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmoses and sutures
83
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and syphses
84
What kind of joints are the growth plates?
Synchondrosis joint
85
Which cervical vertebrae is associated with the odontoid process?
C2
86
Which vertebrae is the first to have a palpable spinous process
C7
87
Do preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord at the ventral or dorsal horn?
Ventral horn
88
The splenic vein drains which part of the gut?
The foregut
89
What are the first 3 cranial nerves?
Olfactory (1), Optic (II), Occulomotor(III)
90
What is the name of the male gamete?
Spermatozoa
91
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?
Occulomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
92
What are noiceptors?
Pain receptors
