Principles of Flight 2 (not vocabulary)

Question 1

What 3 lines are all airfoils comprised of?

Answer 1

Leading edge
Trailing Edge
Chord line

Question 2

What do the leading edge, trailing edge, and chord line comprise?

Answer 2

An Airfoil

Question 3

What is the Chord line?

Answer 3

An Imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil. It shows where the end points represent the maximum radius/length.

Question 4

What is the imaginary straight line whose end points represent the maximum radius/length of the airfoil.

Answer 4

The Chord line

Question 5

What are the 6 types of airfoils?

Answer 5

Fuselage
Wing
Propeller
Horizontal stabilizer
Vertical tail surface
Helicopter rotor

Question 6

What are a fuselage, wing, propeller, horizontal stabilizer, vertical tail surface, and helicopter rotor all types of?

Answer 6

Airfoils

Question 7

What are the 3 airfoils that produce upward lift?

Answer 7

Wing
Horizontal stabilizer
Helicopter rotor

Question 8

Do a wing, horizontal stabilizer, and helicopter rotor all produce upward lift?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What airfoil produces forward lift?

Answer 9

The Propeller

Question 10

What type of lift does the propeller produce?

Answer 10

Forward lift

Question 11

What are the 3 types of Cambers?

Answer 11

Equal curvature
Top Convex Bottom Flat
Top Convex bottom Concave

Question 12

Can you draw basic examples of all 3 basic Camber types? Refer to study guide for answer.

Answer 12

See study guide

Question 13

What are the two types of propellers?

Answer 13

Fixed pitch

Variable pitch

Question 14

What is the defining characteristic of a fixed pitch propeller?

Answer 14

The Blade angle cannot be adjusted.

Question 15

What is the defining characteristic of a variable pitch propeller?

Answer 15

The blade angle can be adjusted.

Question 16

Is a variable pitch propeller more efficient than a fixed pitch propeller?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

When is the small pitch angle on a variable pitch propeller used?

Answer 17

Takeoff (hold palm facing you)

Question 18

When is the large pitch angle on a variable pitch propeller used?

Answer 18

When the aircraft is cruising (rotate palm 90 degrees from facing you).

Question 19

What are the two ways to generate lift?

Answer 19

Airflow over an airfoil increases its speed, reducing pressure above the foil (Bernoulli)
Air striking the bottom of an airfoil and pushing it upwards (Newton’s 3rd)

Question 20

What 5 factors determine how much lift is produced?

Answer 20

Wing shape
Wing size
Angle of attack
Speed
Air density

Question 21

In what 2 basic directions can wind flow relative to the direction of flight?

Answer 21

Parallel

Opposite

Question 22

What force pushes up?

Answer 22

Lift

Question 23

What force pushes down?

Answer 23

Weight

Question 24

What force pushes forward?

Answer 24

Thrust

Question 25

What force pushes backwards?

Answer 25

Drag

Question 26

Is air warmer closer to the surface of the earth?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

For every 1000 feet of elevation, how much does the temperature of the air decrease on average in Celsius?

Answer 27

About 2 degrees Celsius

Question 28

For every ______ feet, the temperate of the air falls about 2 degrees celsius

Answer 28

1000 feet

Question 29

Which is denser? Warm air or cold air?

Answer 29

Cold air

Question 30

What is air pressure?

Answer 30

The weight of the air at a given point.

Question 31

What is the weight of the air called?

Answer 31

Air pressure.

Question 32

What is standard sea level pressure measured in inches of mercury?

Answer 32

29.92 inches

Question 33

Does air pressure decrease with altitude?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Why does air pressure decrease with altitude?

Answer 34

The higher you go, the less air there is.

Question 35

If the air is denser, is there more air pressure?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

Is there a positive correlation between air density and air pressure?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

What is humidity?

Answer 37

Water vapor in the air

Question 38

Do higher or lower air temperatures allow for higher humidity?

Answer 38

Higher air temperatures allow for more humidity

Question 39

Does air density increase with humidity?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What is air density?

Answer 40

The mass of air per unit volume

Question 41

What is the mass of air per unit volume?

Answer 41

Air density

Question 42

What does a higher Density Altitude (DA) mean for air density?

Answer 42

A higher DA means lower air density

Question 43

Does lower air density reduce aircraft performance?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

In what four ways does lower air density reduce aircraft performance?

Answer 44

Longer takeoff/landing roll Slower climb rate Higher landing speed Reduced engine power

Question 45

What three axes control the orientation of the aircraft?

Answer 45

Longitudinal Lateral Vertical

Question 46

What is the line of the Longitudinal axes?

Answer 46

Horizontal line from nose to tail

Question 47

What is turning on the longitudinal axes referred to as?

Answer 47

Roll

Question 48

What 2 things does the longitudinal axes control?

Answer 48

Heading | Bank Angle

Question 49

What is the line of the Lateral axes?

Answer 49

Horizontal line from wingtip to wingtip

Question 50

What is turning on the lateral axes referred to as?

Answer 50

Pitch

Question 51

What 2 things does the lateral axes control?

Answer 51

Angle of attack | Altitude

Question 52

What is the line of the Vertical axes?

Answer 52

Vertical line through center of gravity point

Question 53

What is turning on the vertical axes referred to as?

Answer 53

Yaw

Question 54

What 2 things does the vertical axes control?

Answer 54

Streamlined motion | Left/right alignment of longitudinal axes

Question 55

What are the 3 primary control surfaces?

Answer 55

Ailerons Elevator Rudder

Question 56

What does the Aileron Control?

Answer 56

Roll

Question 57

Where is the Aileron normally located?

Answer 57

The trailing edges of the wings

Question 58

How do the Aileron's move?

Answer 58

Simultaneously and opposite of each other (one up, one down)

Question 59

What is Adverse yaw?

Answer 59

When the nose yaws opposite of the turn direction.

Question 60

What causes adverse yaw?

Answer 60

Drag on the down aileron

Question 61

How are the Ailerons controlled?

Answer 61

By turning the yoke left/right like a steering wheel.

Question 62

What does the elevator control?

Answer 62

Pitch

Question 63

Where is the elevator normally located?

Answer 63

On the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer

Question 64

How is the elevator controlled?

Answer 64

By pushing or pulling the yoke

Question 65

What happens when you push the yoke forward?

Answer 65

descend

Question 66

What happens when you pull the yoke back

Answer 66

Climb

Question 67

What does the rudder control?

Answer 67

The yaw

Question 68

Where is the rudder normally located

Answer 68

Rear of the tail

Question 69

What controls the rudder?

Answer 69

The foot pedals

Question 70

What are the secondary control surfaces?

Answer 70

Trim tabs | Flaps

Question 71

What are the trim tabs?

Answer 71

Small versions of each of the primary surfaces

Question 72

Where are the trim tabs located?

Answer 72

On the primary surfaces

Question 73

What do the trim tabs do for the control surfaces?

Answer 73

Hold them in position.

Question 74

What do the trim tabs reduce pressure on?

Answer 74

The controls

Question 75

Where are the flaps located?

Answer 75

On trailing edge of the wings, closest to the fuselage

Question 76

What are the flaps normally used for?

Answer 76

Takeoff and landing

Question 77

What 4 specific functions do the flaps perform?

Answer 77

Increase lift Increase drag Lowers stall speed Allow steeper approach without airspeed increase

Question 78

How do the flaps move?

Answer 78

Together in the same direction

Question 79

How is flap movement described?

Answer 79

In degrees

Question 80

How are the flaps controlled?

Answer 80

By a handle

Question 81

What airfoil do helicopter rotor blades act like when rotating?

Answer 81

The wings

Question 82

Is each helicopter rotor blade an airfoil?

Answer 82

Yes

Question 83

What force do the rotor blades provide the helicopter

Answer 83

Lift

Question 84

How are the rotor blades adjusted?

Answer 84

By blade speed (rotations per minute) and pitch (angle)

Question 85

What are the 4 main helicopter controls?

Answer 85

Collective Cyclic Throttle Anti-torque pedals

Question 86

What does the collective of a helicopter control?

Answer 86

Blade pitch

Question 87

What 2 things does the cyclic of a helicopter control?

Answer 87

Blade tilt | Direction of flight

Question 88

What does the throttle of a helicopter control?

Answer 88

Blade rotational speed

Question 89

What do the anti-torque pedals of a helicopter control?

Answer 89

Pitch of the tail rotor (yaw)

Question 90

What are the three primary flight hazards?

Answer 90

Stall Icing Equipment failure

Question 91

What is the most common cause of accidents for light aircraft?

Answer 91

A stall

Question 92

What happens in a stall?

Answer 92

The wing reaches the "critical angle of attack (about 15-20 degrees) At that angle air cannot flow smoothly over the top of the wing. Wing can't produce lift

Question 93

What are the primary causes of a stall?

Answer 93

Excessively violent maneuvers Severe wind shear Insufficient speed

Question 94

What are the three main types of icing?

Answer 94

Structural Pitot tube Carburetor

Question 95

What happens with structural icing?

Answer 95

Ice build-up changes the shape of the airfoil. Reduces lift Increases weight

Question 96

Why is pitot tube icing a problem?

Answer 96

Produces inaccurate speed, altimeter, and vertical speed measurements

Question 97

What are the four main types of equipment failure?

Answer 97

Electrical Mechanical Hydraulic Engine

Question 98

What are the 5 most common types of electrical failure?

Answer 98

``` Lights Instruments Flight controls Navigation equipment Communication equipment ```

Question 99

What are the 4 most common types of mechanical failure?

Answer 99

Flight controls Portions of the aircraft structure Landing gear Tires

Question 100

What are the 3 most common types of hydraulic failure?

Answer 100

Landing gear Flaps Brakes

Question 101

What are the 4 most common types of engine failure?

Answer 101

Instruments Electric power Hydraulic power Pressurization