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Miscellaneous > Principles of Neuroscience Lecture 16 Homeostasis > Flashcards

Principles of Neuroscience Lecture 16 Homeostasis Flashcards

0
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A

Salt intake

Water intake

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1
Q

How is blood pressure maintained at a near constant rate?

A

Changing the heart rate

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2
Q

Why is regulation of blood pressure important? (2)

A

We need to keep a constant blood flow to the brain

High blood pressure damages blood vessels

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3
Q

How is blood glucose level regulated?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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4
Q

What is cellular homeostasis in a neuron?

What must be maintained?

A

Regulation of synthesis of ion channels & GPCR etc. -> controlling the excitability.
Volume maintenance

Stretch of a cell can damage it

Too many ion channels changes the excitability of a cell

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5
Q

How do some organisms maintain cell volume? How does this relate to maintenance of neuron volume?

A 
Osmoconformers change their internal concentration so they are in equilibrium with the environment. In this way there is no movement of water in or out of the cell. 
This is done by taking in or excreting electrolytes 
Making osmolytes (longer term)

This is not a option for neurons, because changing the concentration of electrolytes changes the excitability of the cell

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6
Q

What is osmolality?

A

This is the electrolyte-water balance in the body

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7
Q

Describe the differences in osmolality among different species. What dictates plasma osmolality in these organisms?

A

Sharks have high osmolality
Fresh water animals have low osmolality

Terrestrial animals are somewhere in the middle

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8
Q

Exercise affects … ?

A

Osmolality

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9
Q

Failure to … Causes … In osmolality when exercising

A

Rehydrate during exercise

Increase

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10
Q

Increased osmolality when exercising leads to …

A

Reduced mental and physical performance

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11
Q

Differentiate between hypertonicity and hypotonicity

A

Hypertonicity: too much solute / salt

Hypotonicity: too much water

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12
Q

What does the body do to reduce hypertonicity?

What shouldn’t be done, why?

A

Excrete salts
(Reduce appetite for salt)

Increased water retention
(Increased thirst)

Drinking more water doesn’t really do much good becaus it increases your volume and thus blood pressure

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13
Q

What does the body do to reduce hypotonicity?

A

Increase salt retention
Increased salt appetite

Reduced thirst
Increase urine production

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14
Q

Give a rough outline of neural control of osmolality

A

Gut -> (vagus) -> CNS -> Kidneys

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15
Q

Which areas in the brain are important for osmolality regulation? Differentiate between the two

A

Frontal cortex: perception of thirst

Lamina Terminalis: sensor of osmolality

16
Q

Name a few important regions within the Laminate terminalis

What do these nuclei do?

A

SFO
OVLT

They swell or shrink according to whether we are hypo or hyperosmolar. This is detected, and they increase or decrease their firing activity. This information is sent to the hypothalamus for regulation and the Insula cortex for the perception of thirst

17
Q

What is the main function of the region of the frontal cortex that deals with osmoregulation?

A

It tells us that we are thirsty so that we will drink more

It is fed information about osmolality from the Lamina Terminalis

18
Q

What is special about SFO & OVLT? Where are they located?

A

SFO and OVLT have leaky blood brain barriers, so stuff from the blood can come in contact with these cells.

In this way, the composition of the blood can be detected

19
Q

What is the function of SON?

Where is it?

A

The SON is in the hypothalamus

It contains magnocellular neurons that release AVP down into the posterior pituitary to be released into the blood stream

20
Q

How do neurons detect changes in osmolality?

A

They fire more rapidly when the cell is shrivelled due to an increase in osmolarity

Decrease in osmolarity -> cell swells -> decreased firing rate

21
Q

When the osmolality of the external environment of the sensory neurons in the Lamina Terminalis increases, firing rate …

A

Increases

22
Q

Change in osmolality results in: (3)

A
  1. Change in cell size
  2. Change in volume
  3. Change in ionic strength
23
Q

When osmolality detector cells swell/ stretch, they … their activity.

These cells stretch when …

A

Decrease their activity

The individual is hypo osmolar

24
Q

When osmolality detector cells shrivel, they … their activity

These cells shrivel when …

A

Increase

The individual is hyper-osmolar

25
Q

The change in activity of the osmolality detector cells is due to …

A

Trp channels associated with the cytoskeleton

26
Q

How do the osmolality receptor cells bring about change in osmolality?

A

Trp channels open when the cell shrivels. Sodium rushes in and the conductance of the cell increases

27
Q

Describe how AVP is released

A
  1. The OVLT osmolality receptor cells signal to Magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus: SON, PVN
  2. These neurons make AVP
  3. AVP is transported down the axon to the posterior pituitary
  4. At the lobe at the bottom of the posterior pituitary, the neurons release AVP into the capillary bed.
  5. The hormone circulates to the collecting ducts in the kidneys
28
Q

Which hormone is important for osmoregulation

A

Arginine Vasopressin

Aka ADH

29
Q

How does AVP bring about a change in osmolality

A
  1. Circulates in blood to the kidney
  2. Bonds to receptors on the cells of the collecting duct
  3. Signal transduction pathway, second messengers etc.
  4. Aquaporin proteins are synthesised by ER, embedded in the membrane
  5. Vesicles transport the aquaporins to the membrane.
  6. Water moves out of the collecting duct, back into the blood
30
Q

How is the autonomic system involved with water retention?

A

The renal nerve

Renin: a hormone that stimulates drinking behaviour

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