Programming, Planning & Practice Flashcards

Question

1-25 | Among the treatment approaches for a historic site, which is considered the most historically accurate?

Answer 1

Preservation

Answer 2

Le Corbusier

Answer 3

The streets of Boston (said to be based on old cowpaths) are a good example of a field pattern, a network of nondirectional paths.

Answer 4

By estimating the cost of major subsystems.

Answer 5

Round tables, which tend to create equality among those seated.

Answer 6

The study of how humans perceive, organize and use space, especially as it pertains to behavior and culture.

Answer 7

Site development.

Answer 8

This is a dashed line that creates a dependency relationship but has no duration.

Answer 9

Great Britain after World War II

Answer 10

Baroque planning, with diagonal and radial streets overlaid on a grid.

Answer 11

1 - Market (what would it sell for?) 2 - Income (what income can it produce?) 3 - Cost (what would it cost to replace?)

Answer 12

When private land is used for storm water management by a governmental agency.

Answer 13

A zoning restriction that prevents a new structure from projecting beyond certain spatial limits. It is used so that the new building does not block air and light from neighboring properties.

Answer 14

The architect can propose to reduce the scope of the project or the scope of his or her services.

Answer 15

The owner must assume additional risk and coordinate the work of the consultants.

Answer 16

Accurate production of the consultant's own drawings and for checking them for consistency.

Answer 17

Studies have shown that 2-4 people are usually present at this type of group setting. When 5+ people work together, more formalized patterns of leadership, procedure, decision making and conflict resolution begin to appear.

Answer 18

It can not be used to support a building foundation or roadway so it must be removed from the site.

Answer 19

New York City in 1916

Answer 20

Macroclimate The prevailing weather conditions of a region throughout the year and averaged over a number of years. Characterized by general descriptions such as cool, temperate, hot-arid, and hot-humid Microclimate The modification of the prevailing weather conditions by site specific features such as bodies of water, hill, trees, paved areas and buildings. A thorough understanding of this modification ca have a profound impact on site development. For example, the architect could locate a new building near a grove of trees in order to take advantage of the wind break or shading effects. Note that climate is quantitatively described by: Temperature range and distribution Hours of daylight Wind direction and velocity Amount of relative humidity and precipitation

Answer 21

Parking Requirements & Lot Sizes Zoning ordinances, originally intended for the protection of property rights, are concerned primarily with land use issues such as the minimum number of parking spaces required or the minimum lot size for a particular use. Sound Ratings and Occupancy Separations are primarily building code issues which are intended for protection of public health and safety.

Answer 22

Pedestrian and vehicular circulation/transportation network. The disposal or runoff and the effects of surface drainage. Landscaping Access to services and public facilities Natural and artificial lighting Site access for emergency vehicles Security Subsurface Conditions and Topography - A high or fluctuating water table may cause excavation or foundation problems such as heaving - Bedrock near the surface may interfere with subsurface construction such as basements or foundations and may add significantly to the cost of construction. - Unstable soil due to the presence of clay or organic material may require alternative foundation systems or extensive regrading.

Answer 23

A special distinction for buildings that pre-date, or no longer comply with a zoning ordinance, such as a result of recent changes in the code. This type building is allowed to remain in use, but if major alterations are to be made, the building must then satisfy the code requirements

Answer 24

1 - Create a separate bike path; use abandoned railroad tracks, utility easements, etc. 2 - Eliminate street parking and add a designated bike lane/path. 3 - Reduce the speed limit on roads with a bike lane. 4 - Change vehicular traffic from one-way to two-way and add a bike path/lane.

Answer 25

A term applied to spaces, buildings and facilities that are fully accessible to anyone including those who are physically handicapped (See ANSI and ADA Standards)

Answer 26

1 - 1-1.5% minimum slope for rough paving. A slope of 1% or less will appear flat. Parking areas are sloped between 1% and 5%. Standard slope for a pedestrian oat is 1/4" per foot or approximately a 2% slope. Surface runoff must be directed away from structures to above or below grade disposal systems. 2 - 0.3% min. slope. Drainage lines can be made of clay, concrete or plastic and can be solid or perforated. They should have as few right-angle turns as possible and meet intersections with a "y" angle. 3 - 2% min. slope up to an ideal slope of 4%. While a slope between 2-4% will be visible against a level structure, it is necessary to achieve positive drainage. Steeper slopes may be used though anything over 3:1 or 33.3% creates maintenance issues or may need additional support.

Answer 27

1 - Shading Systems: Louvers, overhangs or baffles incorporated into the design of the building that admit light and views but block direct sunlight and can reduce energy gain by 15% or more. 2 - Locate the building I. The shadow of existing trees (deciduous trees allow insolation in winter months), buildings or topographic features.

Answer 28

Planned Unit Developent A zoning designation in which parcels of land are developed with a combination of commercial, residential, recreation and civic uses. Disorganized development lead to the implementation of zoning ordinances that, while separating the use districts, created a monotonous and homogenous environment. The goal of the PUD is to integrate mixed-used and use development and promote a vital and diverse community.

Answer 29

Ahwahnee Principles: In 1991 at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite, several architects presented their collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principles regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy usage, etc. in addition to local planning issues, they presented regional principles as well as guidelines for governing new growth.

Answer 30

For EXPO 2000 at the World's Fair in Hanover, Germany, William McDonough presented a living document called Design for Sustainability. These guidelines were meant to inform the international design competitions and insure that Fair-related design and construction represented sustainable development. The principles set priorities for sustainability in the built environment and were to be implemented globally.

Answer 31

B - Alternates As part of the bidding documents, alternates require the contractor to provide options in the selection of materials, the level of quality, or the additions/deletion of work. The alternates are reflected in the variation in price from a base bid and give the owner a chance to alter a project in order to control construction cost.

Answer 32

A Vortex When moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face, it flows both over the roof and down the facade. The air tends to collect at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind.

Answer 33

1 - Well-graded soils Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest. The smaller particles fill the voids between the larger particles. The proportioning generates stability through increased grain-to-grain contact. 2 - Uniformly-graded Soils Consists primarily of particles that are all approximately the same size. A type of Poorly Graded Soil. 3 - Gap-graded soils Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-sized particles. A type of Poorly Graded Soil

Answer 34

It represents a reference point. Whether it is man-made or natural, its location is recorded as percent landmark.

Answer 35

D - Zoning Codes These codes refer to the partitioning of a city into districts, the regulation of land use and restrictions on building volume and location within those districts.

Answer 36

Renaissance Planning In the 15th century, rulers began to display their power and wealth by improving their cities. They dressed their existing medieval buildings in facades composed of classical Roman elements. The church was part of this movement as well, and Bernini redesigned the Piazza of Saint Peter (1655-67). Typical of Renaissance planning, space was created amid a cramped medieval town for a grand piazza, where a more modest square once stood. Bernini designed an oval shaped colonnade of Tuscan columns, surrounding a pre-existing obelisk. That colonnade now defines the space as a formal piazza and organizes an otherwise haphazard urban pattern.

Answer 37

International Building Code Through the joint efforts of various model code organizations, the International Code Council (ICC) was established in 1994. They developed a single comprehensive and coordinated set of model codes with the intention of unifying the existing national codes. These codes include Building, Fire, Electrical, Mechanical, Zoning, Energy Conservation, etc. Their model building code is called the International Building Code (IBC) and it contains no regional limitations.

Answer 38

B - Entry, foyer, checkout, new book display | This series of adjacencies best relates the spaces by order of efficiency and traffic flow.

Answer 39

The hexagonal court will most likely be the more cost-effective option. It will utilize regular, rectilinear building components whereas the circular rotunda requires mostly custom, curved elements, complex joint details and custom finish work.

Answer 40

As architects have become involved in more complex projects, employ more consultants for specialized work, and use fast-track delivery approaches, the role of project management has become indispensable. Successful administration and coordination of these projects has generated a distinct architectural discipline in order to relive the burden on design and production teams. The Project Manager (PM) should possess leadership qualities, be trained architecturally and have a background in design and production. To avoid confusion within the same office, all PMs should follow the same standardized procedures defined by office policy. For large offices, a project management department headed by a general partner is essential. For small offices, the same duties may be performed by principals or associates. As the central figure, a PM is responsible for the project team and balancing design issues with the schedule and the budget, in order to satisfy the client. Specific responsibilities may include: preparing and reviewing contracts and correspondence between architect and owner, contractor or construction manager, scheduling deadlines and meetings, monitoring job progress, billing and invoicing, and handling requisitions such as change orders.

Answer 41

1 - S.F. Per car for parking and circulation - 400 s.f. 2 - Standard parking stall - 8' to 9' wide by 18' to 20' 3 - Min. width of a two-way main aisle - 20' 4 - Compact parking stall dimensions - 7.5' to 8' wide by 16'-18' long 5 - Min. distance between driveway and intersection. - 50'-200' 6 - Accessible parking stall width - cars: 8' plus 5' aisle; vans: 8' plus 8' aisle 7 - Min. width of two-way driveway - 16' 8 - Min. angle of a road at an intersection - 70 degrees 9 - Min. width of a one-way driveway - 10'

Answer 42

In classical architeture, it is the beam member in the area of construction carried by the columns and is divided horizontally into an architrave, frieze and cornice. ARCHITRAVE: the lower most division. It spans from column to column and rests directly on their capitals. FRIEZE: The middle panel below the cornice. CORNICE: The upper most division. It consists of a molded projection that crowns the construction.

Answer 43

Conditional Use Granted by a zoning board to achieve a purpose deemed by the board to be in the public interest. A school or hospital located in a residentially zoned area, for example, may have been granted this type of permission. Variance Special permission to deviate from the standard zoning regulations. It is sought by presenting the desired deviation before a local administrative authority (generally a board of zoning appeals or board of adjustment). While both a variance and conditional use allow one to build outside the standard zoning regulations, the primary difference is that a variance is granted for the general public welfare.

Answer 44

While many theories of building/sun orientation exist, most agree that principal facades ideally face south (in the northern hemisphere) for optimal living conditions (warmth in winter and coolness in summer). The quality of light is also a concern. Southern light tends to be direct, bright and intense while northern light is more evenly diffuse. Most importantly, all of these generalities must give way to regional and local conditions. The location of a 2nd building or other microclimate condition may trump any general rule of orientation.

Answer 45

When the soul condition occurs near the surface, the best type of foundation system is pile or caisson foundation piers that bear on stable soil below. A continuous concrete grade beam is then used to connect the piers. Clay soil tends to increase in volume with an increase in water content and decrease in volume when dry. Building foundations must be isolated from this soil due to the stress caused by heaving.

Answer 46

D - A grid plan Schools, by nature, are complex social organizations. Their design must allow for social interaction on many levels both in and out of the classroom. A grid plan results in many corridors and no central space or main circulation path to bring people together. Axial, radial, and clustered plans all promote social interaction through common space and circulation patterns and are considered sociopetal.

Answer 47

This concept originally aspired to produce self-sufficient, planned communities. In actuality, these towns remained suburban and dependent on larger urban centers, mostly for employment. Crawley, Harlow, Stevenage, Basildon etc. in England and ColumbiA, Maryland and Reston, Virginia in the U. S. For example. Typically criticized for their standardized rigidity and lack of the dynamics found in a town that has developed over time.

Answer 48

A zoning classification utilized by some jurisdictions to designate geographical areas of high-hazard, moderate hazard and low hazard. The classifications are based on the following criteria: population density, street access and traffic flow, building height, and the equipment and capabilities of the local fire department. High Hazard areas may require the use of certain non-combustible construction materials and may impose restrictions on building use.

Answer 49

A permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water underground and is the water source for wells.

Answer 50

The study of the occurrence, movement and quality of water on a site. Concerned with water forms, drainage patterns, runoff, water table and aquifer zones.

Answer 51

An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport items such as logs or fish, or to divert a stream.

Answer 52

Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape. The runoff is directed to a gutter or channel and then storm sewer or natural water course.

Answer 53

An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water.

Answer 54

A type of above-ground drainage used to control runoff. A shallow, sloping, sometimes grassy depression, incorporated into landscaping.

Answer 55

In the interest of site sustainability, these methods have been implemented to reduce the negative impact of construction on water and air quality, and minimize the loss of topsoil and native vegetation. 1 - Silt Fence: Filter fabric usually fixed to wood stakes filters fine sediment from runoff before it reaches receiving streams or storm sewers. 2 - Straw Bale Dams/Earth Dikes: Strategic placement prior to grading will minimize the loss of topsoil by runoff. 3 - Hydroseeding or Mulch: Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass or layer of mulch will help stabilize the top soil. 4 - Retaining Walls: A more permanent solution incorporated into the design. In addition to soils stabilization, many of these methods also protect the site from infestation by weeds and help maintain native vegetation.

Answer 56

D - ADR, Alternative Dispute Resolution litigation is costly, time consuming and part of the public record. As a result, the construction industry has developed Alternative Dispute Resolution. These methods allow for the resolution of disputes without legal intervention. If methods such as direct negotiation and architect as arbitrator have failed, the two basic means of ADR are: MEDIATION: A mediator empowers the participants to resolve the dispute themselves yet has no power to force a resolution. ARBITRATION: A mutually acceptable arbitrator, knowledgable in the construction industry, will hear arguments, evidence, etc. prior to rendering a legally binding decision. Since each successive step in dispute resolution represents an increase in the necessary investment of time and money, it is important to prevent disputes. After disputes occur, they should be resolved at the lowest level. As a last resort, binding adjudication should be employed.

Answer 57

B - II and III In Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, Howard developed a concentric system of relationships among public buildings, commercial buildings, housing, industry and agriculture that combines the best of the city with the best of the country. By relegating urban aspects to specific concentric bands, Howard incorporated one of the earliest concepts of zoning. In Tony Garnier's Cité Industrielle, Garnier created a set of drawings of an imaginary industrial city where public, residential and industrial areas are clearly separated. While many of Garnier's inventions in Cité, like the extensive use of reinforced concrete, would prove extremely influential on future Modern masters like Corbusier, it is his clear concept of separated land use that makes Garnier a pioneer in zoning. ————— The Gridiron Street System: while one of the earliest urban patterns, the gridiron system does not necessarily incorporate zoning. Haussman's Design for Paris, 1853-1870 is a paragon of Baroque Planning rather than zoning.

Answer 58

A working average of low temperatures within a particular region. It is used as a factor in determining heat loss of a building.

Answer 59

The municipal regulation of building and land use. This ,ay include height limitations, setbacks, population density control, the ratio of building to open space, provisions for parking and accessible services, and any other regulations as determined by the municipality. While these ordinances were originally intended for the protection of property rights in expanding cities they have become, along with building codes, a primary tool of urban planners and developers in achieving overall community design goals.

Answer 60

The purpose is to reclaim build able land that was previously part of the natural flood plain. The builder uses levees and berms to sculpt the stream corridor away from the desired land. The presence of a high water table and excessive organic soil are two of the most critical subsurface problems and should be investigated when building in this reclaimed area. Generally, this practice is to be avoided due to erosion and the adverse environmental impact on wetlands, water quality, etc.

Answer 61

D - Telephone Service Snow removal, street cleaning and fire protection as well as trash collection, mail delivery and public transportation are all municipal services and are provided by public agencies. Telephone service and cable television are services provided by private companies. In any site development the availability, location and capacity of municipal and utilities must be addressed.

Answer 62

The noise intensity (I) would diminish by 75%. Doubling the distance from the receiver to the sound source decreases noise intensity (I) to 1/4 it's original intensity. Note: Sound intensity (I) is different than the intensity level (IL) measured in decibels. Doubling the distance from the highway would decrease the IL by 6dB.

Answer 63

D - The value of the book collection This is the least significant element to be considered. It has little or no impact on the programming concerns of form, function, economy and time.

Answer 64

A spread footing. They use much less concrete and steel that may foundations or piles and require minimal excavation. A decrease in material volume can be a means of reducing costs. However, higher grade materials may still cost more than a greater volume of a cheaper material. Labor (such as excavation), form building and pouring concrete is typically more expensive than the cost of the materials.

Answer 65

A category based upon the user-group for which a building or portion of a building is intended. The number of occupants and their activity determines the classifications. When two or more of these groups co-exist within the same building, a fire rated separation is required between them. An occupancy use permit is issued by a government authority certifying that a project complies with the specific use(s) for which it was intended. The occupancy designation cannot be changed unless the building is altered to conform with the requirements of the new use. The occupant load is defined as the number of people for which the means of egress of a building is designed.

Answer 66

A written agreement signed by the owner and architect that defines the maximum allowable construction cost. The architect has the authority to specify the quality of materials and equipment. However, if the lowest bid exceeds the agreed amount the architect may be required to revise the drawings and specifications in order to reduce the cost of construction.

Answer 67

Local building codes are generally adopted from one of the model codes used in the U.S. The permitting process is how local governments enforce building codes. The architect or builder must submit plans for approval prior to permits being issued. During construction, building department officials inspect the project to verify that the construction is proceeding according to permitted plans. Model Codes include IBC, UBC, BOCA, SBCCI, CABO

Answer 68

The minimum number of exits required from all rooms and spaces within each story is determined by occupant load. A table of IBC exit requirements: 1-500 = 2 501-1000 = 3 1001+ = 4 Some one- and two-story buildings may have one exit depending on occupancy classification, number of occupants and the travel distance to the exit. Maximum travel distance to legal means of egress is defendant upon the occupancy classification and the inclusion of a sprinkler system. It is defined as the distance on each story from the most remote point to the exit, measured along a natural unobstructed path of travel. Depending upon occupancy classification, the maximum distance for buildings without sprinkler systems ranges from 150'-300' and from 75'-400' in sprinkle red buildings.

Answer 69

1 - Identify, retain and preserve the form and detailing of materials and architectural features important in definition historic character. 2 - Protect and maintain those materials and features that define historic character by using the least degree of intervention possible. 3 - Repair features when their physical condition warrants additional work, while using the least invasive means possible, such as patching splicing, reinforcing, etc. 4 - Replace an entire feature if the level of deterioration is beyond that of repair. This is appropriate only if the essential form and detailing of the feature are still evident which would enable the feature to be accurately re-established.

Answer 70

1 - UNIT COST METHOD: based on a cost per unit such as, per hotel room, per student, per office, etc. Another method of unit cost estimating is the cost per square foot where dollar amounts are based on data from similar building types. Used during the programming and ore-design phase. 2 - SYSTEMS METHOD: More detailed than the unit cost method. Each building subsystem, such as foundation, structure, HVAC, roof finishes, etc., is categorized and assigned a cost. Costs are reviewed and alternative systems and adjustments in quality can be made to stay within the budget. Used during the schematic design phase. 3 - PARAMETER METHOD: A more detailed version of the systems method. Each component of a building subsystems itemized by type, quality and quantity. For example, costs for all wall finishes are calculated based on the area for each finish specified. Allows for a detailed analysis of individual building components so alternatives can be specified to meet budget requirements. Used during design development and early in the construction documents phase.

Answer 71

1 - SITE TO STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS: Does the site have strong, dynamic characteristics, or is it flat and passive? The structure should harmonize or contrast with the visual aspects of the site? 2 - SITE TO FORM RELATIONSHIPS: The lines of the site should be considered in relationship to the building's form. 3 - VEGETATION: Plants, bushes and trees on a site create shapes, texture and mass which have a visual impact on the building form.

Answer 72

A land plan. A component of a survey, typically furnished by a civil engineer, and drawn to scale, it identifies the metes and bounds (bearings and dimensions of property lines). This legally recorded document may also contain easements, streets, restrictions, lot and block numbers and is the main reference for any site development.

Answer 73

B - Apply for a variance In this case, the living room expansion will only benefit the owner and a variance may be granted when the owners request is in conflict with existing zoning regulations.

Answer 74

C - Contractor at the end of construction documents phase According to the AIA document A201, General Conditions, the contractor generally secures and pays for all permits, fees, licenses, and inspections. The permit is secured after the execution of the contract, which is the end of the C.D.'s phase.

Answer 75

The impact of the building on other surrounding buildings including shade patterns, wind patterns, drainage patterns, noise, traffic and possible industrial emissions. Unlike suburban development, urban in-fill or adaptive re-use projects often have a limited impact on the existing infrastructure.

Answer 76

D - Clay Soil Heaving is the upward movement of soil as a result of moisture absorption, frost action, or displacement from the driving of piles. Clay soil is prone to this phenomenon. To avoid heaving, the moisture content of the subsoil should remain constant at the footing. The top of the footing should be located at the frost line to avoid seasonal moisture changes.

Answer 77

A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims or other debts.

Answer 78

``` 1 - SCHEMATIC DESIGN 2 - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 3 - CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 4 - BIDDING OR NEGOTIATION 5 - CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION ```

Answer 79

Because construction on a fast track project begins before all design work is completed, contractors are awarded jobs for the stages where design has been finalized. It is the process of farming out various construction jobs to multiple contractors.

Answer 80

D - Owner-Contractor It is defined as the General Conditions of the Contract for Construction and is one of the documents used to form the construction contract under a conventional design-bid-build project delivery. A key document used to coordinate the various parties involved in the construction process. It is frequently incorporated by reference into the other agreements including Owner-Architect and Contractor-Subcontractor. It establishes primary and secondary relationships involved on a typical project.

Answer 81

B - The potential customer base The catchment area is a specific geographic area in which a user group for a particular activity is located. Census data, surveys and information provided by local agencies is analyzed and used to asses the viability of development. Boundaries are often determined by the availability of transportation lines as well as physical features such as major highways and waterways. Boundaries can also be defined by factors such as voting or school districts, or the ethnicity of a neighborhood. A particular area may be located within multiple catchment areas simultaneously. For example, the catchment area for a shopping mall may encompass all or part of the catchment area from which a local factory draws its workers.

Answer 82

1 - LOCAL 2 - COLLECTOR 3 - ARTERIAL 4 - EXPRESSWAY

Answer 83

It tends to destroy or segregate the large parts of existing neighborhoods by dividing land both visually and physically. Many residents and businesses are displaced, noise pollution is increased and speaking suburbs based on allocated parcels are the result.

Answer 84

C - Elementary School An elementary school most likely houses smaller spaces that do not require the expense of a long span structural system. In all of the other answer choices it is typically the building to have large open spaces that are uninterrupted by load bearing walls and columns. A long span structural system would appropriately meet the needs of these open spaces.

Answer 85

Conductance is the number of BTU's per hour that pass through one square foot of a material. Resistance is the reciprocal of Conductance. In simple terms, Conductance is the amount of heat lost through one square foot of any given material per hour. Resistance, or R-value, of any material is the number of hours it would take for one BTU to pass through a material of a given thickness. The higher the R-value, or conversely, the lower the Conductance, the better a material prevents heat loss.

Answer 86

A - Increases Buildings can act like the sail of a ship. The greater the surface area, the greater the total Layla force from wind. As the height of a building increases, so does the surface area (assuming the other dimensions of the building remain the same). These increases in lateral wind load make tall buildings more susceptible to horizontal deflection or drift at the top, and to overturning and shear forces at the bottom.

Answer 87

A tight, well-insulated exterior wall is critical for energy conservation and moisture control. Vapor barriers should be placed at the locations where cool surfaces meet warm moist air. On the outside in hot, humid climates, and on the inside in cold climates. The vapor barrier will prevent condensation, which can promote microbial growth such as mold and bacteria and lead to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) problems.

Answer 88

Insufficient project financing. A preliminary cost estimate is compiled at the end of the Schematic Design Phase and it may be determined that the project is over budget. At this point, adjustments can be made to the size of the project (scope), less expensive materials can be specified (quality), or the owner may request more time to arrange adequate financing (cost). If none of these alternatives is acceptable, the feasibility of th the project is questionable.

Answer 89

1 - Bedrock at or just below grade. 2 - A high water table Both of these conditions affect excavations, foundation work, installation of utilities, and landscaping. The removal of bedrock through blasting or other labor intensive methods and special waterproofing considerations are often factors in making design decisions.

Answer 90

At the end of each design phase (schematic design and design development) and upon completion of the construction documents. While these are typical client review points, it is essential that the architect understand and be flexible to the individual needs of the client in order to maintain a positive, professional relationship. Especially on larger projects where the completion of each design phase may take many months it may be important to schedule progress review meetings in order to inform the client of the project development and seek the clients input.

Answer 91

C - Sand Sand has good drainage and bearing capacity. Peat is an unstable solid type. It is fibrous organic matter, spongy in texture, usually dark in color, and undergoing the process of decomposition. Silt and clay are both unstable soil types. Bark chips will also decompose and most likely cause uneven settling of the foundation.

Answer 92

The study of living organisms in relationship to their environment.

Answer 93

1 - Ignore the fixed limit and agree to the higher amount. 2 - Re-bid the project 3 - Forfeit the project and end the architect's contract. 4 - Work with the architect to reduce the scope of work.

Answer 94

Also referred to as a "smoke proof enclosure" or "fire tower", required of structures 75' or taller. It is an isolated no combustible stair structure that connects to the building's interior spaces by open air vestibules, mechanically-ventilated vestibules or balconies. The tower remains smoke free in the event of a fire, providing a safe means of egress for the building's occupants.

Answer 95

Negative environmental impact includes: alteration of natural land forms and drainage patterns, a reduction of air quality, displacement of indigenous wild life and vegetation, an increase in traffic, and greater demand on infrastructure.

Answer 96

C - Covenant Also called a restrictive covenant, it is a type of deed restriction. It is a provision in the deed that places limitations on land development by the buyer. These restrictions are intended to be in the public interest and may include; property use, building and fence locations, yard size, cost and style of architecture. As part of the deed, these restrictions may affect the decision of a potential buyer. They are commonly used to maintain aesthetic uniformity or construction quality and may be enforced for a period of years.

Answer 97

Although local code requirements vary widely, the installation of automatic fire extinguishing systems may be rewarded by: 1 - An increase in the allowable floor area between fire-rated walls. 2 - A decrease in the number of required exits. 3 - Reduced insurance costs.

Answer 98

C - The gridiron street system | This urban layout incorporates public parks and open spaces as well as uniform spacing and setbacks.

Answer 99

A - Palazetto Dello Sport, by Nervi A stadium designed in 1956-7 for the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. It has a circular plan 200' in diameter. The roof consists of a shallow concrete dome with a central lighting oculus and is supported by "Y" shaped buttresses. Much of the stadium is made of prefabricated elements.

Answer 100

A cast in place concrete end bearing pile. It is formed by boring into or driving a tube into the earth, and filling the void with concrete. The base of the member can be flared for extra bearing capacity and is called a belled caisson. Boring less than 2' in dia. are considered piers.

Answer 101

C - An additional service Programming is not part of an architect's basic services which are based on the forgive standard phases of a project. Additional services include, but are not limited to, programming, project feasibility studies and verification of owner supplied information. Although programming is the owner's responsibility, the architect is responsible for a preliminary evaluation.

Answer 102

D - Redwood Albedo is the level of reflectivity of a material and is determined by the ratio of reflected light to the amount of light received. A Los level indicates that light is being absorbed by the material as heat. A high level indicates that most of the light is being reflected away. Because the question specifies a low Albedo, it can be inferred that the deck will be absorbing light/heat. The material qualities of the choices become important. Which material will deal with absorbed heat in the most comfortable way? When asphalt, concrete and slate have a low albedo the energy gets stored in the material making it feel very hot to the touch. The redwood's insulating properties prevent this type of thermal thermal gain, enabling a person to walk on it with bare feet during the summer.

Answer 103

C - II and III II - clean only if heavily soiled III - clean only if necessary to halt deterioration Since masonry is extremely susceptible to damage, cleaning should only be done by the gentlest means possible, such as low-pressure water and mild detergent. If it is determined that cleaning is necessary, a test should be conducted to determine the proper cleaning method and its long-term effects. Cleaning simply to create a new appearance needlessly introduces chemicals or moisture into the masonry. Regarding historic architectural metals such As copper roofs or bronze elements, cleaning may never be appropriate. The patina itself may be a protective coating as well as an important historic feature.

Answer 104

A legal right for one party to use a portion of another party' spar cel of land for access. For example, a utility easement allows the utility access to a portion of private property in order to install and maintain utility lines. No permanent structures may be built over the easement area. In addition to access, there are several other types of easements these include conservation easements which prevent the development of environmentally significant land, scenic easements which might protect a view, and joint use easements which allow two or more property owners to share a common feature. An access easement that allows one party or the public to traverse someone else's property grants right of way.

Answer 105

Although the owner is responsible to furnish surveys describing the legal limitations and utility locations of the site, utility easements can be obtained from the utility company.

Answer 106

A concise written statement that identifies the goals, objectives and most important aspects of a project, based on the analysis of the information gathered in the first four steps of the programming processes. This statement acts as the foundation for the design process.

Answer 107

The ideal location is at the center of a facility because it allows for minimum lengths of thermal and electrical distribution runs. Aesthetics, noise, prime space requirements and service accessibility may preclude this ideal location.

Answer 108

C - Ground transportation A catchment area is the population base within a geographical region. Census data, surveys and other information about the catchment area are used to assess the economic viability of a development. Boundaries of the area are determined by many factors such as transportation lines, political districts and/or the ethnicity of the neighborhood. An analysis of ground transportation is one of the most significant factors affecting a new development.

Answer 109

A means of determining a projects construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.

Answer 110

C - A 15' wall 4' from the highway A solid barrier, close the source of the Boise works best at noise reduction. The mass and stiffness of the barrier also affect noise reduction, with mass playing the most significant part. The greater the mass and the lower the stiffness, the better the noise reduction.

Answer 111

GRAVELS: Course granular aggregate, best drainage. SANDS: Granular material, particles too small to be picked up individually, good drainage. SILTS: Granular particles, too small to be seen individually. Stable but weak when dry, swells when wet, is non-plastic, and can heave in freezing temperatures. CLAYS: Fine-grained cohesive material, least stable and least predictable, plastic when wet, prone to heaving. Water drains easily through clean gravels and sands, more slowly through fine sands and silts, and almost no drainage occurs through clays.

Answer 112

58 dB, or the IL of a typical conversation. The sound intensity level diminishes by 6dB by doubling the distance of the receiver from the sound source. 10m and 7 doublings is 1280m ~ 7 x 6 = 42 ~ 100dB - 42dB = 58dB

Answer 113

The general costs of operating a business that cannot be directly assigned to a project. Rent, drafting supplies, taxes, professional dues, insurance, theft and depreciation are all examples. Salaries and benefits qualify only if the employee or principal is not doing project related work.

Answer 114

C - Maintenances Costs This is a long term cost to the owner and a factor in the life cycle cost of a building, not part of the project development budget. This type of budgeting first occurs during programming and is revised as the project develops. It includes costs for the entire project, helps determine a project's feasibility and establishes guidelines for the design process. Budget items include: Site acquisition, construction cost, site development (roads, parking, landscaping), equipment and furnishings, professional services (architectural, engineering and surveying fees), inspection and testing, financing (interest, loan and administration fees), inflation (a factor is included for rising costs during construction), contingency allowance and moving expenses. Site development and equipment and furnishings are sometimes included in the construction cost and not listed as separate items.

Answer 115

C - Financing Costs This is the responsibility of the owner and the architect has no role in the amount of money borrowed or the terms of the financing.

Answer 116

A review process of proposed systems and materials used to explore less expensive options that will achieve the same result.

Answer 117

Contour Interval | The vertical distance or change in elevation between sequential contour lines on a topographic map.

Answer 118

Bench Mark

Answer 119

Spot Elevation

Answer 120

Pad Elevation

Answer 121

Construction projects are regulated under the authority of local zoning ordinances, and building codes which are typically adopted from one or more of the model building codes.

Answer 122

About a 10% slope.

Answer 123

Relationship to street Orientation of nearby structures The aesthetics of the site.

Answer 124

Elevation changes less than 12" should be sloped Single steps or short stairways present a tripping hazard and are to be avoided Minimum width is 44". (36 for occupancy loads less tan 50) Minimum headroom is 80" 12" maximum rise between floors or landings. Risers must be 4" min and 7" max. Tread depths are 11" min. Treads and risers must be of uniform dimension within a flight. (Max tolerance of 3/8")

Answer 125

Vernal - approximately March 21st Autumnal - approx. Sept. 22nd When the sun crosses the plane of the equator and the day and night are of equal length. Two times each year when the sun is half way between the summer and winter solstice. In the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is June 21st and the winter solstice is approximately December 22nd

Answer 126

SCOPE: the size of the building or project. QUALITY: The quality of materials and methods of construction. COST: The project budget itself. TIME: The allotted time for project completion. Balance among these four elements is key to a successful project. Adjustments can be made to one or more elements in order to maintain this balance.

Answer 127

FUNCTION: Use Group Classification is identified by a letter and a number CONSTRUCTION TYPE: Type I through Type V LOCATION: Setbacks, alleys, public streets and property lines.

Answer 128

B - Compact A compact building form has the least amount of exposed surface area for thermal conductivity and is therefore the most appropriate choice for a cold climate.

Answer 129

Utilization of solar energy may increase the complexity and scope of a project and add substantially to the initial cost. However, savings may be realized over time through a lower life-cycle cost. Economic decisions must be based on a realistic payback period, reliability and ease of maintenance. As the cost of conventional energy continues to increase, solar energy will become a more affordable alternative.

Answer 130

The architect makes an estimate of total construction time during programming in order to give the client a general idea of the move-in date. The architect, however, cannot guarantee any time table for the construction schedule.

Answer 131

C - Construction Scheduling This is not necessary during the initial phase of programming. Unlike the schedule itself, the requirements that a particular construction schedule may present are a part of programming. Budget analysis (economy), bed count (function), and historic district design requirements (form) are each a major programming consideration.

Answer 132

D - Establish the circulation plan Establishing circulation requirements is a Parton the programming process. Establishing a circulation "plan" assigns form to function and takes place during the design phase.

Answer 133

A broad field of environmental analysis including issues such as land use, planning and the evaluation of existing structures. The application of architectural programming, history, theory and building system considerations. And the review of architectural services, responsibilities and project management.

Answer 134

To protect the health and safety of the occupants of a building from water-supply contamination. They also set a standard for pipe sizing and pitch to control unpleasant odors from sewage gas and blocked drains.

Answer 135

Organizational-bubble diagrams can indicate the relative importance of relationships. Adjacency diagrams can identify proximity requirements. Common adjacency needs to consider are: people, products and information.

Answer 136

PRESCRIPTIVE codes refer to energy saving technique in construction. The ASHRAE series (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers) is a prescriptive code. PERFORMANCES codes describe energy saving standards.

Answer 137

1 - To protect occupants by means of an egress or a place of refuge. 2 - To ensure the structural integrity of a building. 3 - To enable a building to survive a fire with minimal damage.

Answer 138

``` Assembly Business Educational Factory/Industrial High Hazard Institutional Mercantile Residential Storage Utility ``` Buildings with two or more uses are classified as MIXED occupancies. Each portion of the building is individually classified and separated from adjacent areas by a code-regulated fire-resistant barrier.

Answer 139

The maximum depth at which soil will freeze; below this depth soil temperatures will remain above freezing. This depth varies greatly between regions and according to soil types and loach conditions. An exterior foundation wall must extend to, and the footing must be placed below this imaginary plain as specified by the locality. This is true except where the footing bears on solid rock, is the otherwise protected from frost, or when frozen conditions are permanent.

Answer 140

According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, it should be our aim to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. And according to the AIA, it is the ability of society to continue functioning into the future without being forced into decline through exhaustion or overloading of the key resources on which that system depends. It is a broad social, environmental and economic concept that addresses the needs of the future, the effect of buildings on the environment, and attempts to define the limits for consumption and resources.

Answer 141

A device that collects solar energy for use as an energy source. Typically, the collector is an insulated, aluminum box, approximately 4' x 8' x 6" with a sheet of glazing exposed to the sun. A black surface inside acts as the absorber plate(s) which transfers heat by conduction to piping soldered to the absorber plates. The heat transfer medium is usually water mixed with a non-toxic anti-freeze solution. Heating water is usually the most efficient application of solar energy.

Answer 142

Indicates the legal boundaries of a specific tract of land and defines the bearings and dimensions of the property lines. Starting and closing at the P.O.B. (point of beginning), the property lines are defined by their length and their angle relative to North and South. The length is described in feet, using the decimal system, and the angle is represented by compass direction, degrees, minutes and seconds. For example, one property line may read 172.6' south 51 degrees 20' 12" west. Property boundaries are measured horizontally as a series of lines between points. They are not a measurement of the surface distance. For example, the length of a sloped line will be shorter than the actual surface distance.

Answer 143

Floor Area Ratio A zoning regulation restricting the ratio between the total floor area of a building and the total lot area. For example, a site of 35,000 square feet with an F.A.R. Of .25 would permit a building with 8,750 s.f. (.25 x 35,000).

Answer 144

B - A depression or summit This configuration of contour lines indicates either a low or a high point in the topography and should be noted with a spot elevation.

Answer 145

1 - due to the high cost and the affect on natural drainage patterns, modifications to site contours should be kept to a minimum whenever possible. 2 - When possible, locate the length of the building parallel to contour lines. 3 - Place driveways & Roads parallel to contour lines or, when changes in elevation are required, do so at a slight angle to the contours. 4 - Divert drainage away from the building. (A building with its length parallel to the contour lines is perpendicular to the flow of drainage.)

Answer 146

``` The LEEDS (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System. Developed by the Green Building Council and introduced in 2000, this is a tool for evaluating the environmental performance of a construction project. Through the use of this voluntary system, the design team can track their progress toward earning a LEEDS certification. This certification recognizes that the project has met certain sustainability prerequisites regarding: site development, water conservation, energy efficiency, use of green building materials, and indoor environmental quality. It also means that the project has earned the minimum credits to achieve a bronze, silver, gold, or platinum certification. The LEED mission "encourages and accelerates the global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted standards, tools and performance criteria." ```

Answer 147

Used to determine drainage potential, bearing capacity, and erosion potential. Classified by grain size and physical characteristics such as well-graded, uniformly-graded, gap-graded, organic and inorganic. Other characteristics include: COLOR: Indicates the amount of organic matter, drainage and fertility. TEXTURE: Indicates the ability of the soil to hold water and its workability. STRUCTURE: Flattened, granular or chunky; the degree of drainage, aeration and ability to hold water. DEPTH: The degree of fertility and availability of minerals.

Answer 148

1 - Alluvium 2 - Bedrock 3 - Humus 4 - Loam

Answer 149

B - Hot Water Solar hot water systems are very cost effective and an efficient means of utilizing solar energy. Although solar energy can theoretically be applied to both heating and cooling with current technology, it is much more expensive and less efficient to cool with solar energy than to heat.

Answer 150

A foundation member of timber, concrete, or steel driven vertically I tot he soil. This keener does not rest on bedrock but relies upon the friction developed in the surrounding soil to carry the load. Often a component of a grade beam.

Answer 151

A PROCTOR TEST is a method used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil. Fill must be compacted prior to construction. Samples of fill are compacted according to a specified procedure and weighed to determine the necessary compaction requirements. Fill is placed on site in a series of compacted layers or lifts of 8"-12" Site soil must be compacted between 95-100% of optimum density based on laboratory testing. A PERCOLATION TEST is a method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to asses the suitability of soil for a leachfield. This test measures the time it takes a water level to drop 1" in a test hole. Test holes can be made in several locations to determine the average condition.

Answer 152

Site design strategies for reducing noise: Construct an earth berm between the noise source & and the building. Plant a dense line of trees between the noise source & the building. Use pant material as ground cover instead of hard paved surfaces. Building Design Strategies for reducing noise Locate mechanical, service and utility spaces closer to the sound source and quiet areas away from the sound source. Locate major wall penetrations (windows and doors) away from the sound source.

Answer 153

B - Picturesque A garden design style characterized by wild ruggedness; in architecture, asymmetrical combinations of form and a variety of textures.

Answer 154

1 - Existing trees and shrubs to be saved, transplanted or removed. 2 - The finished floor height of existing structures. 3 - The finish grade of existing walls. 4 - Existing land forms; are they worth saving or will grading cause erosion problems? 5 - The property line; grade must be met at the property line and excess runoff cannot be diverted to adjacent properties.

Answer 155

Measurements from a fixed vertical (north/south) or horizontal (east/west) line used to locate a point. The vertical origin line is referred to as Y and the horizontal origin line is referred to as X To locate a point, a grid system is established from the point of origin. Distances are measured from the Y and X axes.

Answer 156

No grading should occur under the drip line of the tree; the drip line indicates the boundary of the trees outer roots. Minor cuts and fills near a tree should be made with stacked rock walls forming wells. This is an expensive solution, but allows for adequate moisture and air to circulate around the tree trunk.

Answer 157

This terms meant to evoke the color of lush and healthy vegetation and refers to the environmentally friendly quality of the material. Due to their complex composition and methods of manufacturing, building materials cover a broad range of "greeness". Common characteristics include: sensitivity toward non-renewable resources such as oil and ore, non-toxic, recyclable content and recyclability of the material itself, energy and water efficiency, and sensitivity to the "greenness" of its own manufacturing process. An excellent way of promoting sustainability through the use of green products is to incorporate indigenous stone or plant material into a project. A green building is one that is sited, built, operated or renovated using the principles of sustainability. Typically, the initial cost can be 5-15% more than a conventional project. However, the life cycle cost savings of a green building are generated from energy and maintenance efficiency as well as worker productivity due to improved lighting and ventilation design.

Answer 158

Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space.

Answer 159

1 - Set Batter Boards 2 - Remove and save top 6" of soil 3 - Earth Work: Grading and excavation. 4 - Rough Grading: Addition or removal of earth prior to construction 5 - Finish Grading: Preparation for landscaping prior to the end of construction.

Answer 160

FILL: Poor soil is replaced with the appropriate soil, sand and gravel mix. Moisture is added and the soil is then compacted. COMPACTION: Usually of existing soil with a genius similar weights to compact and fill voids. DENSIFICATION: Use of heavy pounding piles, vibration or weights to compact and fill voids. SURCHARGING: Adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time. MIXING: Addition of sand or gravel to the soil.

Answer 161

The most common method of project delivery. Ana rehired the is hired by an owner. The design documents are bid upon by various contractors and the acceptable proposal with lowest bid is usually selected to build the project. The owner has a separate contract with both the architect and the contractor.

Answer 162

Method of project delivery where the owner requests that a single entity be responsible for. Both design and construction services. The owner has one contract with the architect/contractor. This method eliminates the potential conflict between the architect.

Answer 163

Project Delivery Method used in large or complex building projects when budget and scheduling issues are critical. This method was developed as a result of owner demand for technical advice early in the process. A consultant may be contracted by the owner to act as an advisor, agent or constructor, during the design and cosntction.

Answer 164

While there are various ways devices designated for personal protection, window bats, security alarms, etc. the best way to provide security is through the involvement of the neighbors. Communities with street activity, homes and front porches and homes that are visible to one another, all promote security through mutual observation and passive surveillance. The safety of children is also a concern exterior okay areas and public spaces should be protected and clearly visible from within the residence. Ideally these areas should be easily monitored from the space where parents spend most of their time.

Answer 165

``` The greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding. This angle Barnes with the size and shape of the soil grains. Generally sand and gravel have a steeper angle than silts and loans. Damp soil has a steeper angle than saturated or totally dry soil. Loose, wet clay or silt = 30% Compact dray clay = 100% Wet Sand = 80% Dry Sand = 65% ```

Answer 166

High A high construction cost may indicate the use of high quality, long-lasting, or efficient building materials. This typically results in lower operational costs over the life of a building. The architect may help to evaluate the long term goals of an owner. One factor used to help establish an appropriate construction cost is the amount of time an owner expects to occupy a building. A design strategy that may reduce a high construction cost is the use of repetitive or prefabricated elements.

Answer 167

CORE BORINGS: Soil is removed at regularly depths to determine moisture content, density and porosity. TEST PITS: Visual inspection of the soil conditions by digging an open trench. AUGER BORINGS: An auger bit is used to being up soil samples. Best if used in sand or clay and at shallow depths. WASH BORINGS: Samples are taken with a 2" to 4" diameter pipe which forces water to bring up the soil mix. SOIL LOAD TESTS: A method of measuring the settlement of soil by applying incremental loads of soil on a platform erected at the site. The test is complete when the soil stops settling upon subsequent loading and becomes stable.

Answer 168

CUMULATIVE ZONING: A multi-use district or zone. Allows for residential use in commercial zones and commercial use in industrial zones. INCENTIVE ZONING: Allows waivers from specific restrictions for developments which provide certain public amenities, for example, a building may be allowed extra square footage or height in exchange for a public courtyard.

Answer 169

1 - Non-deciduous trees such as a spruce or fir planted adjacent to a building. 2 - A berm or hill. 3 - Another structure These features can also function as a sun block.

Answer 170

A method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site. To cut is to remove soil; to fill is to add soil. Ideally, this type of grading should be limited in order to minimize the impact on a naturally occurring site. In addition, the amount the amount of cut and fill should be balanced whenever possible to reduce the need for delivery or removal of soil. On a topographic map, an area of fill is indicated by a solid line that bumps out towards a lower contour line; a cut is indicated by a solid line that bumps in towards a higher contour line. a slope stake is a marker used to identify where cut or fill meets the original grade.

Answer 171

1 - Install a drain tile at the footing and backfill with a layer of gravel and soil. 2 - Install open web matting against the foundation wall prior to backfilling with gravel and soil. The water loses pressure as it flows into the matting and runs down the foundation wall and into the drain tile. This pressure creates additional lateral loads and can make waterproofing difficult. Small cracks can be easily infiltrated by water which causes damage which causes damage by freezing or flooding.

Answer 172

Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab, built in 1953. Planned as a living organism and based on four major functions; living, working, care of the body and spirit, and circulation, the city was built largely of unfinished concrete and exposed brick. Le Corbusier was interested in model solutions. His model of the urban environment consisted of freestanding, monolithic, high-rise, high-density business and residential towers raised on columns above open or green space.

Answer 173

Mines van der Rohe. The characteristic open plan is subdivided by freestanding walls, wall planes and flat roof planes that define both interior and exterior space. Cruciform columns regularly spaced on an eight-column grid as well as the main wall planes support the flat roof, all of which rests on a raised base. The purity of design and simplicity of form are exemplified by; chrome columns and millions, external wall planes and faced in green marble, an Internal core plane of polished onyx and a travertine base Nd long entry wall flanked by a reflecting pool lined with black glass. Later, in 1939. Mies van der Rohe was commissioned to design the entire campus layout and buildings for the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago (IIT). Again, floor plans are generally open, and exposed structural steel and expanses of glass are found throughout.