Prokaryotes

Question 1

Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Nucleus
Internal membrane-bound organelles
Linear DNA

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Lack nucleus
Lack organelles
Circular DNA (monoploid)

Question 3

Glycocalyx

Answer 3

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of bacterial cells
Composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

Question 4

2 Types of Glycocalyx

Answer 4

1. Capsule
   Firmly attached to cell surface
   May prevent bacteria from elimination
2. Slime Layer
   Loosely attached to cell surface
   Sticky layer allows attachment to surfaces

Question 5

Flagella

Answer 5

Responsible for movement

3 Parts: filament, hook, basal body

Question 6

Fimbriae

Answer 6

Sticky, bristle like rod-like proteinaceous extensions
Used to adhere
Shorter than flagella
Important in biofilms

Question 7

Pili

Answer 7

Tubules composed of pilin
AKA conjugation pili
Longer than fimbriae, shorter than flagella
Mediate transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)

Question 8

Bacterial Cell Walls

Answer 8

• provide structure/shape/protection from osmotic forces
• assist come attaching or resisting drugs
• give characteristic shapes
• 2 types composed of peptidoglycan (gram + and gram -)

Question 9

Peptidoglycan

Answer 9

Strings of sugars attached by peptides

Question 10

Gram + Cells

Answer 10

• Stain purple

- large peptidoglycan (thick cell wall)

Question 11

Gram - Cell Wall

Answer 11

Cell Membrane & Outer Membrane
Outer Membrane- lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
     Lipid A = endotoxin
Less peptidoglycan (thin cell wall)

Question 12

Structure of Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes

Answer 12

• phospholipid bilayer

- fluid mosaic model (integrated with proteins)

Question 13

Function of Bacteria Cytoplasmic Membranes

Answer 13

• Energy
• Selectively permeable
• Maintain concentration and electrical gradient

Question 14

Cytoplasm of Bacteria

Answer 14

-cytosol
-inclusions
Deposits of chemicals, stored nutrients, enclosed proteins

Question 15

Bacteria Ribosomes

Answer 15

70S (composed of 50S subunit and 30S subunit)

Drugs attack smaller prokaryotic ribosomes (structurally different than eukaryotes- 60S+40S=80S)

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Plays role in forming cell’s basic shape

Question 17

Nucleoid

Answer 17

Distinct location, organized
Allows simultaneous transcription and translation
Genetic Material (DNA)

Question 18

Endospores

Answer 18

Unique structures- defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Able to return to vegetative stage and wait for better environment