Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What is the primary function of proteins in the body?

Answer 1

To perform a variety of functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules.

Question 2

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 2

Amino acids.

Question 3

True or False: Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus.

Answer 3

False.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: The process of converting mRNA into a protein is called __________.

Answer 4

Translation.

Question 5

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 5

mRNA serves as a template for assembling amino acids into proteins.

Question 6

Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Answer 6

Ribosome.

Question 7

What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

Answer 7

Transcription and translation.

Question 8

True or False: DNA is directly involved in the synthesis of proteins.

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

What is transcription?

Answer 9

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Question 10

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 10

tRNA (transfer RNA).

Question 11

What does ‘codon’ refer to?

Answer 11

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The genetic code is read in sets of three nucleotides called __________.

Answer 12

Codons.

Question 13

What is the start codon for protein synthesis?

Answer 13

AUG (which codes for Methionine).

Question 14

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Answer 14

To form the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis.

Question 15

True or False: All proteins are made up of the same 20 amino acids.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

What is the significance of the amino acid sequence in a protein?

Answer 16

It determines the protein’s structure and function.

Question 17

What is a polypeptide?

Answer 17

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called __________.

Answer 18

Transcription.

Question 19

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription?

Answer 19

RNA polymerase.

Question 20

Which type of RNA is synthesized during transcription?

Answer 20

mRNA (messenger RNA).

Question 21

What happens during the elongation phase of translation?

Answer 21

Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.

Question 22

What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

Answer 22

To facilitate the binding of mRNA and tRNA and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 23

True or False: Protein synthesis occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 23

True.

Question 24

What is the termination codon?

Answer 24

A codon that signals the end of protein synthesis (e.g., UAA, UAG, UGA).

Question 25

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis?

Answer 25

Eukaryotic protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and involves more complex processes, including RNA processing.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: After transcription, eukaryotic mRNA undergoes __________ before it is translated.

Answer 26

Post-transcriptional modifications.

Question 27

What are introns?

Answer 27

Non-coding segments of RNA that are removed during RNA processing.

Question 28

What are exons?

Answer 28

Coding segments of RNA that remain in the mRNA after introns are removed.

Question 29

What is the role of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in mRNA?

Answer 29

To protect mRNA from degradation and assist in ribosome binding.

Question 30

What is the purpose of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic mRNA?

Answer 30

To help recruit the ribosome for translation initiation.

Question 31

True or False: Chaperone proteins help in the folding of newly synthesized proteins.

Answer 31

True.

Question 32

What is a signal peptide?

Answer 32

A short peptide that directs the transport of a protein to its proper location in the cell.

Question 33

What is post-translational modification?

Answer 33

Chemical modifications that occur to proteins after translation, affecting their activity and function.

Question 34

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?

Answer 34

To assist in the folding and modification of proteins synthesized on ribosomes.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Proteins that are secreted from the cell often have a __________ sequence.

Answer 35

Signal.

Question 36

What is the function of ubiquitin in protein synthesis?

Answer 36

To tag proteins for degradation.

Question 37

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Answer 37

To modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 38

True or False: Protein synthesis is a highly regulated process.

Answer 38

True.

Question 39

What is the main purpose of the genetic code?

Answer 39

To provide the instructions for synthesizing proteins from nucleotide sequences.

Question 40

What is a mutation?

Answer 40

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can affect protein synthesis.