Protein Synthesis Test

Question 1

What is the monomer of DNA

Answer 1

Nucleotide

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 2

• Phosphate Group
• Sugar
  
  • deoxyribose in DNA
  • Ribose in RNA
• Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine)

Question 3

How are the 2 strands of DNA held together?

Answer 3

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 4

How are the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases important in replication and transcription?

Answer 4

they ensure base pairing specificity and stability of the DNA molecule while still allowing the strands to separate easily

Question 5

How do nitrogen bases pair up?

Answer 5

pair up according to complementary base pairing rules:

• adenine (A) with thymine (T)
• cytosine (C) with guanine (G).

Question 6

Describe what Chargraff did to reveal the structure of DNA

Answer 6

Noticed number of A and T bases and the number of C and G bases were always equal

BASE PAIRING RULE - Chargraff’s Rule

Question 7

Describe what Franklin did to reveal the structure of DNA

Answer 7

Took x-ray diffraction pictures of DNA and noticed a helical shape

Question 8

Describe what Watson and Crick did to reveal the structure of DNA

Answer 8

Developed first model of structure of DNA; they won the noble prize for their work.

Question 9

Describe how Griffith discovered the function of DNA

Answer 9

Discovered the transforming principle through his experiments with bacteria, showing that genetic information could be transferred between cells (bacteria) - heredity.

Question 10

Where in the cell does transcription occur?

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

Where in the cell does translation occur?

Answer 11

Ribosomes

which can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

What role does mRNA play in gene expression

Answer 12

Carries information from the nucleus to ribosomes

Question 13

What role does rRNA play in gene expression

Answer 13

Makes up ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis

Question 14

What role does tRNA play in gene expression

Answer 14

Positions amino acids in order according to the gene

Question 15

How are all amino acids similar?

Answer 15

They all have the same common fundamental structure

Question 16

How are all amino acids different?

Answer 16

different in their side chains or R groups,

Question 17

What holds amino acids together in a chain?

Answer 17

Peptide bonds

Question 18

How are some amino acids essential?

Answer 18

the human body cannot synthesize them on its own, so they must be obtained through the diet

Question 19

What is a codon?

Answer 19

a sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 20

How does translation result in the correct order of amino acids?

Answer 20

mRNA codons are read sequentially by the ribosome,

Question 21

What are 3 gene mutations

Answer 21

• Substitution (Point mutation): one or more bases are replaced with another
• Insertion: One or more extra nucleotide bases are inserted into the DNA sequence
• Deletion: One or more nucleotide bases are deleted from the DNA sequence

Question 22

What are 3 amino acid mutations

Answer 22

• Silent:
• Missense:
• Nonsense

Question 23

Describe the Silent amino acid mutations

Answer 23

Base change has no effect on amino acid sequence

A mutation that changes a codon but does not change the amino acid

Question 24

Describe the Missense amino acid mutations

Answer 24

Base change causes amino acids to change

A mutation that changes a codon, leading to the incorporation of a different amino acid in the protein

Question 25

Describe the **Nonsense** amino acid mutations

Answer 25

Base change causes peptide chain to stop early A mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, terminating protein synthesis prematurely

Question 26

Describe how a frameshit mutation occurs

Answer 26

when nucleotides are inserted into or deleted from the genetic sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame of the codons in mRNA

Question 27

Describe the consequences of sickle cell trait

Answer 27

Causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, leading to anemia, pain, and potential organ damage due to impaired blood flow

Question 28

What is recombinant DNA?

Answer 28

a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together

Question 29

What is PCR?

Answer 29

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 30

What is the purpose of PCR?

Answer 30

to amplify a specific segment of DNA, creating millions of copies of a particular sequence

Question 31

What does electrophoresis do?

Answer 31

Use to separate and compare DNA of different organisms or different individuals. a method used to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge, often used for analysis or purification

Question 32

What is one use of transformed bacteria?

Answer 32

the production of insulin for diabetic patients

Question 32

What can scientists use to cut a particular gene out of DNA?

Answer 32

Scientists can use **restriction enzymes** to cut a particular gene out of DNA

Question 33

The specificity of genetic material is the result of

Answer 33

Order of the nitrogen bases in DNA

Question 34

The weakest bonds in a double-stranded molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid exists between the?

Answer 34

Nitrogenous bases