Unit 2: Biochemistry Flashcards by Johnny Carl

A macromolecule is a _____

Large thing made of atoms

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What are the 4 types of macromolecules found in living organisms?

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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All macromolecules contain the element ____

Carbon

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Molecules that contain carbon are called ____ molecules

Organic

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____ ____ is the branch of chemistry that studies molecules containing carbon

Organic chemistry

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A carbon atom has a valence of ____

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A valence of 4 means each carbon atom can ___ with up to 4 other atoms

Bond

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Carbon has ___ electrons in its outer shell

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A carbon atom has space for ___ more electrons in addition to the 4 electrons it already has in its outer shell

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A carbon atom acquires addition electrons by bonding ____ with up to four other atoms

Covalently

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What substance does carbon create with it bonds with other atoms like this

Methane

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What substance does carbon create when it bonds with other atoms like this

Carbon dioxide

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What substance does carbon create when it bonds with other atoms like this

Pentae

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Elements are arranged into subunits called ____

Monomers

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Monomers act as building block of large molecules called ____

Polymers

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Glucose is a monomer that can build up a polymer called ____

Starch

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____ is a monomer that can build up a polymer called starch

Glucose

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Monomers link together in a process called ____ ____

Dehydration synthesis

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During dehydration synthesis, the carbon atom on one monomer sheds is OH- ion, and links with an oxygen on a second monomer. The second monomer sheds an H+ ion. the OH- and H+ ions join to become ____

WAter

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The opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis is called ____

Hydrolysis

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In hydrolysis, a water molecule is ____ and used to separate the monomers

Split

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what is the type of bond between sugar molecule monomers

Glycosidic

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the type of polysaccharides that plants use to store energy (sugar). It is easily digestible; found in pasta and potatoes

Starch

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The type of polysaccharide animals use to store energy (sugar). It is stored in muscles

Glycogen

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The type of polysaccharides that provides plant structure and rigidity. It is not digestible; found in grass and fiber

Cellulose

The type of polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi

Chitin

Everything in the universe is composed of ____

Matter

Matter is anything that has ____ and takes up ____

Mass Space

One of the smallest units of matter is the ____

Atom

An ____ is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into smaller pieces

Element

What are the 6 elements that compose the majority of living things

- carbon (C) - hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) - Nitrogen (N) - Phosphorus (P) - Sulfur (S)

Atoms are made up of ____ ____

Subatomic particles

Where is the proton located and what is its charge and mass (AMU)

Nucleus Positive 1

Where is the neutron located, what is its charge and what is its mass (AMU)

Nucleus Neutral 1

Where is the electron located, what is its charge and what is its mass (AMU)

Shell Negative 0

The number of protons determines the ____ ___ of the element

Atomic number

The total number of protons and neutrons determines the ___ ____ of the element

Mass number

Electrons are arranged in ____ around the nucleus

Shells

Electrons will fill the shell ____ the nucleus first

Closest to

The number of electrons in the shell around a nucleus will match the number of ____ in the nucleus

Protons

The number of ____ in an element's atom may vary

Neutrons

What varies between isotopes of an element's atoms?

The number of neutrons

Each elements isotopes have the ___ basic chemical properties

Same

Some isotopes are ____ .

Radioactive

Being radioactive means the nucleus is ____ and will ___ ____ resulting in the creation of a different element

Unstable Break apart

A water molecule is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom ____ bonded together

Covalently

The oxygen atom has ____ protons

A hydrogen atom has ___ proton

The shared electrons in an water molecule will pull more strongly towards the ____ nucleus because the ____ nucleus has ____ protons

Oxygen Oxygen More

The oxygen end of a water molecule has a slightly ____ charge, and the hydrogen end has a slightly ____ charge

Negative Positive

A water molecule is ____

Polar

Water molecules align with each other so ____ ends are matched with ___ ends

Positive Negative

Water molecules are held loosely together with ____ ____

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds are ___ ___ ___ as covalent bonds

Not as strong

What are the 5 properties of water

- Cohesion - Adhesion - High Heat Capacity - Universal Solvent - Solid less dense than liquid

The attraction between molecules of the same substance is called

Cohesion

Cohesion is the ____ between molecules of the same substance

Attraction

Cohesion is responsible for water's ____ ____

Surface tension

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of ____ substances

Different

Adhesion is responsible for water's ___ ___

Capillary action

Capillary action allows plants to draw water up their _____

Tubes

Heat capacity is the amount of ____ needed to raise the ____ of a substance

Energy Temperature

The temperature of a substance ____ when its molecules move ____.

Increases Faster

Hydrogen bonds make it harder for water ____ to move faster

Molecules

The kind of solvent that can dissolve other substances

Universal Solvent

A universal solvent is a solvent that can _____ other substances

Dissolve

The substance being dissolved is a ____.

Solute

____ can dissolve more solutes than any other chemical

Water

Substances that do not dissolve in water may form a _____: tiny particles mixed into the water

Suspension

Ice will float on water because it is less ____

Dense

Ice has ____ hydrogen bonds which hold the water molecules _____

Stable Apart

Floating ice allows _____ organisms to survive in cold climates

Aquatic

What are the 2 types of bonds that may form between atoms

Ionic Covalent

How is an ion different from an atom

Ions are positively charged or negatively charged due to losing or gaining an electron

Why do ions bond with each other

Opposite charges attract each other

What happens in a covalent bond

Atoms share one electron from each atom

What does it mean if two atoms have a "double bond"

Atoms share 4 electrons

What do you call a structure made of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

Molecule

The atoms in a water molecule are held together by what type of bond

Covalent

Water molecules can break apart to create ____

Ions

The ions that come from water molecules are ____ (H+) and ____ (OH-)

Hydrogen Hydroxide

This is the chemical reaction for what? H²O <--> H⁺ + OH^-

Ionization of water

The double arrow in a chemical reaction equation indicates the reaction is ____

Reversible

Only a tiny fraction of water molecules will ____

Dissociate

Pure water has ____ amounts of H+ and OH- ions

Equal

When other chemicals are added to the water they may ____ the number of H+ and OH- ions

Change

IF the number of OH- ions increase in water, the water becomes ____

Basic

If the number of H+ ions increase in water, the water becomes ____

Acidic

Low pH numbers are

Acidic

High pH numbers are

Alkaline / basic

A pH of 7 is

Neutral

The pH scale has an _____ relationship with the concentration of H+ ions

Inverse

A chemical with a high concentration of H+

Acidic

A chemical with a high concentration of OH-

Basic

The pH scale is a ____ scale

Logarithmic

The pH scale, because it is logarithmic, ____ very large values and _____ very small values

Compresses Expands

A one unit ____ of the pH scale indicates a _____ times increase in the concentration of H+ ions

Decrease 10

A pH of 3 is ____ times more acidic than a pH of 4

How many times more acidic is a pH of 1 compared to a pH of 4

1,000

organisms must maintain a ____ pH inside

Neutral

Most biological fluids have a pH in the range of _____ to ____

7.36 7.45

Cells contain ____ to protect against changes in pH

Buffers

A buffer is a chemical that can absorb H+ or OH- ions to ____ sharp changes in pH

Prevent

Buffers are _____ acids or bases

Weak

One example of a buffer found in blood in is ______

Bicarbonate (HCO₃)

When an acid enters the blood, bicarbonate absorbs the extra ___, keeping the blood pH ____

H+ Neutral

When a base enters the blood, bicarbonate absorbs the extra ___, keeping the blood pH ____

OH- Neutral