protozoa Flashcards
1
Q
fusion of two cells or their nuclei in
reproduction
A
Sexual/ Syngamy:
2
Q
for osmotic pressure and elimination of
waste product
A
Contraction vacuoles:
3
Q
➢ Complete unit
➢ With specialized cells
A
unicellular
4
Q
➢ Amitotic: single division
➢ Mitotic: repeated binary fission of nucleus
producing two daughter cells
A
Asexual reproduction
5
Q
repeated binary fission of nucleus
producing two daughter cells
A
mitotic
6
Q
single division
A
amitotic
7
Q
locomotion of protozoa
A
organelles
8
Q
inner , finely granular protoplasm primarily for
storage synthesis and digestion of food
A
Cytoplasm/ endoplasm
9
Q
For locomotion, respiration and discharge or
metabolic wastes
A
ectoplasm
10
Q
semi-permeable
membrane
● For intake and outtake of food
as well as for secretion or
secretory
A
Plasma Membrane
11
Q
for regulation of osmotic pressure
A
contractile vacuoles
12
Q
cell mouth, located laterally
at the anterior end
A
Cytostome-
13
Q
With thin ectoplasm which is primarily for ingestion,
excretion, protection and movement
A
cytoplasm
14
Q
cell anus
A
Cytophage
15
Q
where flagellum arises
A
kinetoplast (mastigophora)
16
Q
Maintenance and reproduction of life
A
nucleus
17
Q
for nutrition and reproduction
A
granular voluminous endoplasm
18
Q
Classification of protozoa
A
movement
19
Q
direct; oxygen os from
enzymatic reactions
A
aerobic
20
Q
for parasitic forms of protozoa
A
anerobic
21
Q
opening for extrusion
A
nutrition; ingestion = cytopyge
22
Q
types of nutrition
A
Absorption
ingestion
23
Q
types of excretion
A
osmotic pressure
diffusion
precipitation
24
Q
usually the infective stage
A
Resistant membranous wall for cervical
25
means of survival
reproduction
26
27
sexual union of 2 cells
syngammy
28
Fission through mitotic and amitotic
● May be grown in vitro
➢ Blood, serum, but it require
asexual
29
feeding stage/ reproducing stage/ moving stage
Trophozoite
30
non-feeding stage/ non-reproducing stage/ nonmoving stage
cyst
31
Usually resistant to adverse conditions
cyst
32
infective form of protozoa
CYST
33
invertebrae host
arthropods
34
- host to host without any cyclic development
direct transmisson
35
what development happens inside the vector and what vector did it happen into>
Cyclic development; mosquito vector
36
There is a vehicle (foor or water) or a vector. So when
the protozoa needs a vector, this is with a cyclic development.
indirect transmission
37
3 types of pathology of protozoa
Invasion
immune response
toxic products
38
destruction of cells
imvasion
39
laboratory diagnosis in cases of malaira
blood smear
40
diagnosis:
isolation of amoeba and flagellates
Concentration studies
41
amoeba superclass
Sarcodina
42
amoeba class
rhizopodea
43
THE AMOEBA UNDERGO ENCYSTATION EXCEPT FOR
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
44
the conversion of trophozoites into cyst form.
encystation
45
encystation usually occurs in?
small intestine
46
. The ingestion of the____ completes the
typical intestinal amebic life cycle.
infective cysts
47
leads to the trophozoite formation
excystation
48
leads to the trophozoite formation.
excystation
49
excystation occurs in
ileocecal of the intestines
50
Most pathogenic intestinal amoeba in man
Entamoeba histolytica
51
habitat of E.histo
large intestine, liver, lungs and brain
52
amoebas undergoes encystation except for?
entamoeba gingibavalis
53
E.histo is also known as
Amoeba Dysenteriae, Entamoeba
Dysenteriae, Entamoeba Dysentery and Entamoeba
Tetragena”
54
infective stage of E.histp
cyst
55
Chromatoidal bodies: has rounded ends giving it a
sausage shape appearance
E.histo cyts
56
E.histo;
❖ Ectoplasm is thick
❖ Red blood cells present
❖ No bacteria or foreign material
❖ Karyosome is centrally located
❖ Pseudopodia is fingerlike
❖ Progressive movement for the trophozoite stage of E.
histolytica
Trophozoite
57
E.histo:
Progressive movement for the trophozoite stage of E.
histolytica
Trophozoite
58
E. histo: Colorless, round or oval
❖ Smaller than trophozoite but bigger than the cyst
❖ Devoid of food inclusion
❖ Movement is sluggish
Precystic
59
optimum temp and pH of E.histo cyst
37 deg cel; pH 7
60
chromatoidal bodies has rounded eggs giving it a sausage shape appearance
E.histlytica
61
thermal death point of E.histo cyst
50 deg cel
62
resistant to urine
E. histo cyts
63
how many nuclei in mature and immature cyst if E.histo
4 in mature
1-2 in immature
64
movement of E.histo
Active
Progressice
DIrectional
Fingerlike
65
Disease E.histo;
There are symptoms that are apparent
Luminal amoebiasis
66
● the trophozoites would invade
the intestinal mucosa to produce dysentery or
ameboma that can spread in
the blood to give extra
intestinal lesions like liver
abscess.
Invasive amoebiasis
67
asymptomatic infection
Luminal amoebiasis specifically the E.dispar
68
this is useful in
differentiating Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba
dispar because these two are morphologically
indistinguishable.
Polymerase chain Reaction
69
Not useful for demonstrating trophozoites
Fecalysis; E.histo
70
Fresh stool: wet mounts (with or without the iodine stain)
and permanently stained preparations
Fecalysis; e histo
71
. It can also help in the differentiation of
luminal infection caused by Entamoeba dispar from
invasive amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
72
most useful in patient with
extraintestinal disease (i.e. amebic liver abscess) when
organisms are not generally found on stool examination
antibody detection
73
: useful as an adjunct to microscopic
diagnosis in detecting parasites and to distinguish between
pathogenic and non-pathogenic infections (between E.
histolytica and E. dispar infections
Antigen detection
74
Habitat of Entamoeba hartmanni
intestinal tract of man
75
76
the size of E.hart resembles?
Endolimax nana
77
nucleus resembles E.coli
E.hart
78
chromatoidal bar of E.hart is shaped?
Rice Grain Shape or thin fan like
79
1. Trophozoite doesn’t ingest RBCs
2. Utility is less vigorous
3. Chromatoidal bodies are shorter with tapered ends giving a
rice grain shape or thin fan like appearance
4. Non-pathogenic; causes only mild symptoms of enteritis
Entamoeba hartmanni
80
habitat of E.coli
Large intestine of Human
81
Trophozoite
○ -nucleus is not easily visualized
○ -karyosome is eccentric
○ -Movement is sluggish
○ -Pseudopod is broad and short
○ -granular ectoplasm is not easily differentiated from the
endoplasm
ENTAMOEBA COLi
82
○ -chromatoidal bodies are splinter like filamentous giving
a whisk broom appearance
○ 1-8 nuclei
○ Transmission: hand to mouth
○ Diagnosis: cyst and trophozoite in fecal sample
○ Prevention:
1. Personal hygiene
2. Sanitary disposal of wastes
Cyst of E.coil
83
diagnosis if E.coli cyst
cyst and trophozoite in fecal sample
84
how many nuclei in e/coli
1-8
85
E.coli:
chromatoidal bodies are splinter like filamentous giving
a whisk broom appearance
cyst of E.coli
86
Transmission of cyts of E.coli
Hand to mouth
87
Diagnosis of E.coli
Cyst and trophozoite in fecal sample
88
E. histo or E.coli?
Finger like pseudopodia
E.histo
89
E.histo of E.coli?
Blund and broader pseudopodia
E.coli
90
E.histo of E.coli?
Eccentric karyosome
E.coli
91
E.histo of E.coli?
Progressive and
directional motility
E.histo
92
E.histo of E.coli?
Sluggish, nonprogressive, nondirectional
E.coli
93
E.histo of E.coli?
Bull’s eye nucleus
E.histo
94
E.histo of E.coli?
nuclear membrane is thin
E.histo
95
E.histo of E.coli?
Dirty-looking, heavily
vacuolated due to
ingested bacteria and
food particles
E.coli
96
E.histo of E.coli?
Clean-looking, with
ingested RBCs
E.histo
97
E.histo of E.coli?
Small race
(nonpathogenic)
Large race
(pathogenic)
E,histo
98
E.histo of E.coli?
nuclear membrane is thick
E.coli
99
E.histo of E.coli?
1-4 nuclei (infective)
E.histo
100
E.histo of E.coli?
Sausage shaped chromatoidal bodies
e.histo
101
E.histo of E.coli?
Splinter/broomstick appearance chromatoidal bodies
E.coli
102
E.histo of E.coli?
1-8 nuclei
E.coli
103
smalles intestinal protozoan of man
Endolimax nana
104
synoynm of E.nana
Cross-eyed cyst
Entamoeba nana
Endolimax intestinalis
105
Trophozoite:
o 2-12 um
o Uninucleated
o Finely granular, vacuolated cytoplasm (with narrow rim
of ectoplasm)
o Short pseudopod
o Movement is sluggish
o Karyosome: central or eccentric
ENDOLIMAX NANA
106
Cyst:
o 5-10 um
o Round to oval; usually oval
o 1-4 nucleus; possesses 4 nuclei when mature
o Chromatoidal bodies are comma-shaped
ENDOLIMAX NANA
107
Chromatoidal bodies are comma-shape
cyst of E.nana
108
habitat of I.buts
Large intestine of man and swine
109
non-pathogenic amoeba
IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII
110
Common name of I.buts
Iodine Cyst
111
Synonym of I.buts
Iodamoeba williamsi, Entamoeba williamsi, Entamoeba
butschlii, Endolimax williamsi,
112
similar to Entamoeba Histolytica but note that it is noninvasive
I.buts
113
Trophozoite
o 8-20 um
o Coarsely granular cytoplasm with vacuoles and bacteria
o Blunt pseudopods (sluggishlyprogressively motility)
o Small with fairly active, progressive movement
o Ectoplasm is clear
o 1 spherical nucleus
o Karyosome is central and eccentric
I.buts
114
o 5-20 um
o Ovoid
o Only one nucleus when mature
o Prominent glycogen vacuole (iodine-staining)- dark
brown
o Large glycogen vacuole
Cyst of I.buts
115
Coarsely granular cytoplasm with vacuoles and bacteria
Trophozoite of I.buts
116
Blunt pseudopods (sluggishlyprogressively motility)
Trophozoite of I.buts
117
1 spherical nucleus
Trophozoite of I.buts
118
only one nucles when mature
cyst of I.buts
119
Prominent glycogen vacuole (iodine-staining)- dark
brown
Cyst of I.buts
120
large glycogen vacuole
Cyst of I.buts
121
Made by finding the characteristics cyst in an iodine stain or
in a formol, ether concentration
I.buts
122
The trophozoites are difficult to detect in a wet preparation
I.buts
123
Found in the mouth, chiefly in the tartar of the teeth and
gingival pocket
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
124
Humans are the only host, however occasionally the parasite
has also reported in the mouth of dogs and cats
E.gingi
125
Been claimed that it contributes to periodontal disease
E.gingi
126
first amoeba of
human
E.gingi
127
E.gingi is discovered by?
Discovered by Gros, in 1849
128
MOT of e.gingi
Kissing or droplet spray
Contaminated drinking utensils and dental utensils
129
no specific drug or medicine that is prescribe to kill the
microorganism, what is recommended is prophylaxis or
prevention through proper hygiene
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
130
Cytoplasm: WBC, epithelial cells, bacteria, and food
vacuoles
E.gingi
131
Extrudes pseudopodia, similar to E. histolytica but does
not exhibit progressive locomotion
E.gingi trophozoite
132
Multiple pseudopodia
Trophozoite of E. gingi
133
The presence of ingested leukocytes and their nuclear
fragment cyst diagnostic as no other amoeba ingest risk
cells
Trophozoite of E. gingi
134
Nucleus is round with peripheral chromatin & large
central karyosome
o Cytoplasm: WBC, epithelial cells, bacteria, and food
vacuoles
Trophozoite of E. gingi
135
a commensal and is not considered
to cause any disease
Entamoeba gingivalis
136
Found in bronchial washings from cases of pulmonary
suppurations and in sputum where it can be mistaken for
Entamoeba histolytica from lung abscess
Entamoeba gingivalis
137
Originally described as amoeba, but is actually a flagellate
with only the trophozoite stage known.
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
138
it is now classified among the trichomodas
D. fragilis
139
○ Binucleated trophozoite
○ Absence of the cyst stage
○ Electron microscopic evidence of rudiments
○ Resembles Trichomonads antigenically and
ultrastructurally
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
140
is D. fragilis pathogenic or non pathogenic?
pathogenic
141
habitat of D.fragilis
Mucosal crypts of the cecum
142
Resembles Trichomonads antigenically and
ultrastructurally
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
143
Usually in co-infection with E. vermicularis
D.fragilis
144
145
○ Binucleated trophozoite
D.fragilis
146
Absence of the cyst stage
D.fragilis
147
Electron microscopic evidence of rudiments
D.fragilis
148
Resembles Trichomonads antigenically and
ultrastructurally
D.fragilis
149
Could be recognized only in fresh liquid or soft stool specimen
D.fragilis
150
151
Prompt fixation with PVA or Schaudinn’s is helpful
D.fragilis
152
has 2 nuclei
D.fragilis
153
Circular appearance at rest
D.fragilis
154
multiple leaf shaped pseudopods
D.fragilis
155
Rapid action of the multiple leaf-shaped
pseudopods that gives a stellate appearance, and
explosive disintegration in water
D.fragilis
156
– are facultative parasites of
man.
Acanthamoeba and Naegleria
157
habitat of acanthamoeba and naegleria
Stagnant water, brackish and ocean sediments,
thermal pools, swimming pools, polluted soil, sewage disposal
systems
158
once it enters the human host, acanthamoeba and naegleria inhabits what
central nervous system
159
Trophozoite can assume limax form or become
ameboflagellate
N.fowleri
160
Has both amoeba and flagellated form
N.fowleri
161
Ameboid: has a blunt pseudopodia and a vesicular
nucleus with a large karyosome and sparse
granules of peripheral chromati
N.fowleri
162
Only amoeboid trophozoite inside the
host
N.fowleri
163
Flagellated: elongated and bears two equal and
anteriorly located flagella
N.fowleri
164
Cyst wall is smooth and double, with the outer wall
perforated by 3 – 8 pores (ostioles)
N.fowleri
165
3-8 pores of N.fowleri is called
Ostioles
166
Survive up to 46 degrees celsius
○ Survive at 0.5ug/mL chlorinated water
N.fowleri
167
Major causative agent of Primary Amebic
Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
N.fowleri
168
On autopsy examination (of mice and animals), the normal
architecture of the brain, particularly the olfactory lobes and
cerebral cortex is completely destroyed. (“Brain-eating
amoeba”)
N.fowleri
169
Causes purulent spinal fluid with motile amoeba
N.fowleri
170
Stained smears of culture material (demonstration of the
trophozoites in CSF)
○ Trophozoite in brain and CSF
N.fowleri
171
Swimming in contaminated water
● Using inadequately disinfected contact lenses
Acanthamoeba
172
PORTAL OF ENTRY:
● broken or ulcerated skin or eye, lungs, genitourinary tract
(GUT)
Acanthamoeba
173
Uninucleated and double walled
cyst of acanthamoeba
174
____has two stages; cysts image and trophozoites
image in its life cycle and lacks a flagellate stage.
Acanthamoeba
175
When__enters the eye it can cause severe
keratitis in healthy individuals, particularly contact lens users
Acanthamoeba spp.
176
Both Acanthamoeba spp. cysts and trophozoites are found in the
____
tissue
177
Ulcerative Acanthemoeba Keratitis in contact lens wearers
acanthamoeba
178
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
○ Lesions in the brain
○ Chronic central nervous system infection;
generally, in debilitated or immunocompromised
patients
Acanthamoeba
179
Chronic Granulomatous lesions in the brain, skin, kidneys,
liver, spleen, uterus, and prostate
Acanthamoeba
180
Microabscesses in the lungs and pancreas
Acanthamoeba
181
1. Cerebrospinal fluid
2. Nasal swabs
3. PYGC medium containing antibiotics (culture medium)
● Stained smears of culture material
● Histologic examination of brain
● Trophozoites and cysts in corneal scrapings
Acanthamoeba
182
● Amphotericin B (given intravenously)
● 5-fluorocytosine, pentamidine
● Ketoconazole
● Itraconazole
Acanthamoeba
183
