Protozoa- Apicomplexa 2: Cystoisospora and Cryptosporidium Flashcards
(32 cards)
How is the life cycle of Cystoisospora related to that of Eimeria?
The life cycle of Cystoisospora is similar to that of Eimeria.
How do the oocysts of Cystoisospora differ from those of Eimeria?
Eimeria has 4 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites each, while Cystoisospora has 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each.
When do you see pathogenesis of Cystoisospora spp?
Pathogenesis is often present in clinically normal animals, but can occur in young animals if large numbers are present.
What are the environmental risk factors for Cystoisospora spp?
The environmental risk factors are the same as those for Eimeria spp.
What are the common Cystoisospora spp of puppies?
C. canis and C. ohioensis.
What are the common Cystoisospora spp of kittens?
C. felis and C. rivolta.
What are the common Cystoisospora spp of piglets?
C. suis and C. deblieki.
What does pathogenesis of Cystoisospora cause in young animals?
It causes diarrhea and failure to thrive; however, do not assume coccidiosis just because oocysts are present.
Describe the appearance of oocysts of the Cryptosporidium genus.
They have no sporocysts and contain 4 sporozoites.
Where does sporulation occur with the Cryptosporidium genus?
Sporulation occurs inside the host.
Expansion of the Cryptosporidium genus began with what species?
C. parvum, followed by C. parvum and C. hominis, and now there are at least 30 spp. from nearly 200 hosts.
What are the characteristics of Cryptosporidium?
There are many species, some of which (C. parvum) are not host specific; it is a direct and water-borne zoonosis; oocysts are extremely resistant, even to chlorination; and they are long-lived.
What are the pathological effects of cryptosporidiosis?
Destruction of epithelial cells and absorptive villi by rupture of schizonts.
Cryptosporidiosis is often self-limiting or clinically inapparent with what exceptions?
Exceptions include neonates, immunosuppressed individuals, and some humans, not just kids.
What is the most common veterinary scenario of cryptosporidiosis?
Young calves with watery diarrhea, PPP of 3-7 days, living in calving pens with less than ideal hygiene, with low level oocysts passed from clinically normal cows to young calves.
What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis?
Rapid onset of diarrhea, weakness, and potential mortalities.
How do you diagnose cryptosporidiosis?
Diagnosis can be made through clinical picture, fecal smear with acid fast stain, and fecal antigen ELISA.
Cryptosporidium often has an _____________ onset than other pathogens.
earlier.
What are the prevention and treatment protocols for cryptosporidium in calves?
Protocols include hygiene in calving pens, good husbandry, supportive therapy such as fluids and nutrition for clinical cases, and halofuginone lactate prophylactically for 7 days after birth.
Describe cryptosporidiosis in lambs and kids.
Not as common clinically, but infection is common.
Describe cryptosporidiosis in foals.
Seen up to 4 weeks old; referred to as ‘foal heat diarrhea.’
What are the conditions in which you would see zoonosis of cryptosporidium?
Conditions include animal or human waste contamination of drinking water supplies, petting zoos, swimming pools, and food contamination.
What are the common species of cryptosporidium in which you will find zoonosis?
C. parvum (zoonotic), C. hominis (human-specific), and random others.
What were the results of the Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak of 1993?
Results included a boil water notice, 400,000 people affected with 104 deaths, oocysts resistant to chlorination, and genotyping of human outbreaks showing C. hominis.
