Pseudomonas/Burkholderia/Aeromonas Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
What are Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Aeromonas?
A
- Gram negative
- Rods
- facultatively anaerobic
- Oxidative metabolism and NON-fermentative (Oxidase positive)
2
Q
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Gram Negative
- Rods
- Facultatively Anaerobic
- Oxidative metabolism and non-fermentative
- Motile - polar flagella
- Colonies have a fruity (grape) odor
- Aminoacetophenone: a metabolite of tryptophan
- Greenish/Blue pigment
- Pyocyanin- Green/blue
- Fluoroscein- Yellow/Green in UV light
- Hemolytic
- Habitat: Skin, mucous membrane, intestinal tract, feces, water, and soil
- Metabolically versatile: can break down a variety of organic compounds
- Low virulence
- Opportunistic pathogen
3
Q
What are the Antigenic Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Somatic O antigen: 17 types
- Flagellar H antigen: 6 types
- Not commonly serotyped
- Bacteriocin typing: Pyocin
- Bacteriophage typing
- more important in humans
4
Q
What are the modes of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Contamination of wound infections:
- Hardware disease
- Abrasion of eyes with sand
- Oral
- Inhalation
- Injections and catheterizations
- Into the teat of the mammary gland
5
Q
What are the predisposing factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Defect in host defense mechanism
- Debilitating and immuno-compromized patients
- Major nosocomial pathogen in humans
6
Q
What are the Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Exotoxins: A, S, T, U, V
- Proteases: elastase
- Hemolysins: Phospholipase
- Pyocins: Peptide, bacteriocin with antibacterial activity
- Endotoxin: weak
- Pili: mediate attachment
- Flagella: Facilitate invasion
7
Q
How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
- More toxin production = more virulent
8
Q
How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
- More toxin production = more virulent
9
Q
What is the Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
10
Q
What are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections like?
A
- Suppurative and necrotizing
- Abscesses: local and generalized “blue/green pus”
- Occasionally septicemia
- Mortality is low
- Persistent infection (antibiotic resistance)
11
Q
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in swine?
A
- Necrotic pneumonia
- Necrotic rhinitis
- Necrotic enteritis
- Abscesses
- Urinary and genital tract infections
12
Q
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in Cattle?
A
- Abscesses: Injection site
- Enteritis
- Mastitis
- Pneumonia: ‘Foreign body’
- Urinary and genital tract infections
13
Q
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Horses?
A
- Genital tract infections: infertility
- Corneal ulcerations: sand grains (racing)
- Guttural pouch infection
14
Q
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in dogs and cats?
A
- Otitis externa
- Prostatitis
- Cystitis
- Dermatitis
- Ophthalmitis
- Post operative infections
15
Q
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Poultry
A
- Septicemia: Pullorum-like
- Respiratory infections
16
Q
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Minks and Chinchillas?
A
- Hemorrhagic pneumonia:
- highly contagious and fatal (up to 50%)
- Mode of infection: inhalation
- Lesions: hemorrhagic and necrotic areas in the lungs
17
Q
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in humans?
A
- Skin infections
- Catheter site infections
- Lung infections in Cystic fibrosis patients
18
Q
What are the control methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
A
- No commercial vaccines
- Autogenous bacterins may help
- Antibiotics:
- need AST
- Gentmicin, Fuoroquinolone, B-lactam (Imipenam)
19
Q
What is Burkholderia mallei?
A
- Gram negative
- Rods - Pleomorphic in old cultures
- Not Flagellated - Nonmotile
- Obligate pathogen
- Causes Glanders (Farcy)
- Primarily in horses, humans, carnivores
- Eradicated in NA, W. Europe
- Prevalent in Asia, Africa, Middle East
*
20
Q
What is he mode of infection for Burkholderia mallei?
A
- Ingestion: feed/water
- Direct contact with infected animal
- Inhalation of infectious droplets
- Occupational disease of Veterinarians: necropsy of infected animals
21
Q
What are the Virulence Factors of Burkholderia mallei?
A
- No known toxins
- Endotoxin? - gram negative
- Delayed hypersensitivity?
- Lesions resemble tuberculosis
22
Q
What species does Burkholderia mallei affect?
A
- Horses, mules, donkeys, dogs, cats, goats, and humans
- Sheep, swine, cattle and birds are resistant
23
Q
What is the pathogenesis of Burkholderia mallei?
A
- Entry through nasopharyngeal/intestinal mucosa
- Regional lymphatics
- blood
- Lungs and other organs
24
Q
What are the forms of Glanders Disease?
A
-
Cutaneous form: Farcy
- Nodules from in lymphatics
- break, form ulcers with thick discharge
- Nodules from in lymphatics
- Lung lesions: nodules or diffuse pneumonia
-
Nodules in the nasal passages:
- thick purulent discharge
25
How is *Burkholderia mallei* diagnosed?
* Bacterial isolation
* Straus reaction in guinea pigs
* Mallein test: skin test
26
What are the control measures for *Burkholderia mallei?*
* No Vaccines
* Early detection and quarantine
* Early treatment: tetracyclines, streptomycin, sulfonamides
* Slaughter of all animals
27
What is *Burkholderia pseudomallei?*
*(“Pseudomonas pseudomallei”)*
* Causes Meliodosis
* Reported in cats, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, and cattle
* Found in soil
* Widely distributed in tropical regions
28
What is the mode of infection of B*urkholderia pseudomallei?*
*Pseudomonas pseudomallei*
* Rodents to man by insects and fleas
* Trauma: war wounds
* Ingestion of contaminated food and water
* Inhalation
29
What are the Virulence Factors of B*urkholderia pseudomallei?*
*"Pseudomonas pseudomallei"*
* Endotoxin
* Exotoxin: 2
* Lethal and Necrotizing
* Lethal only
* Extracellular enzymes:
* Protease, Lipase, Lecithinase, etc.
30
What is Meliodosis?
* Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
* Reported in all animals and humans
* Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
* In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
31
What is Meliodosis?
* Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
* Reported in all animals and humans
* Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
* In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
32
What is Meliodosis?
* Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
* Reported in all animals and humans
* Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
* In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
33
What is *Aeromonas hydrophila?*
* Gram negative
* Facultatively anaerobic
* Rods
* Oxidase Positive
* Habitat: Lakes/streams, sewage, soil, skin of fish, reptiles, and amphibians
* Grows well at room temp
* Pathogen of reptiles and amphibians
34
What are the modes of infection of *Aeromonas hydrophila?*
* direct contact
* Ingestion
* Opportunistic pathogen
35
What are the Virulence factors of *Aeromonas hydrophila?*
* Hemolysis
* Leukocidin
* Proteases
* Enterotoxin
* Heat labile cytotoxin
* Heat stable cytotoxin
* Pili
36
What disease does *Aeromonas hydrophila* cause?
* Fish: Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS)
* Salamander: HS
* Frogs: Red leg and HS
* Snakes: Ulcerative stomatitis
* Mice/Guinea pigs/ Rabbits: Diarrhea and HS
