Brucella Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
What are the characteristics of Brucella?
A
- Gram negative
- Short rods (Coccobacilli)
- Aerobic (nonfermentative)
- Some carboxyphilic
- Facultatively intracellular pathogen
- Zoonotic
2
Q
What are the Brucell species?
A
- ANY species can infect any animal species
- B. abortus - cattle
- B. suis - Swine
- B. melitensis - Sheep, Goat, Humans
- B. ovis - Sheep
- B. canis - dogs
- B. neotomae - Desert wood rats (restricted host range and geographic distribution)
3
Q
What is “Clasical Brucella”?
A
- B. abortus, B. suis, and B. melitensis
- Lited as protential bio-weapons by CDC
- Highly infectious
- Easily aerosolized
- Difficult to detect
4
Q
What is the virulence of different Brucella species?
A
- B. abortus & B. melitensis Highly virulence
- B. ovis & B. canis Low virulence
- B. suis Intermediate virulence
5
Q
How is Brucella transmitted?
A
- Primarily oral or venereal
- B. abortus & B. melitensis: More often oral
- B. ovis, B. suis, & B. canis More often venereal
6
Q
Differentiation of Brucella Species
A
7
Q
What is Brucellosis?
A
- Infections of the reproductive organs
- Uterus, placenta
- Testicles, particularly epididymis
- Causes Abortions
- Zoonotic disease
8
Q
What is Erythritol?
A
- Growth factor
- Present in placenta and testicle (not in humans)
- B. abortus, B. suis, & B. melitensis have preference
- B. canis does not require
9
Q
What is Brucella abortus?
A
- Colonies exhibit Smooth to Rough dissociation
- Change in LPS structure
- R is avirulent
10
Q
What is the Habitat for Brucella abortus?
A
- Obligate pathogen of animals
- Source of infection: infected or carrier animals
- Uterine discharges
- Milk and milk product
- feces
11
Q
What is the geographic distribution of Brucella abortus?
A
- Worldwide
- Practically eradicated in the US
- All 50 state and Puerto Rico and Virgin islands are ‘Brucellosis class free’
- Still detected in states adjacent to Yellow Stone
12
Q
What is the mode of infection of Brucella abortus?
A
- Ingstion
- Venereal transmission
- Milk from infected cows - for calves
13
Q
How is Brucella abotus zoonotic?
A
- Occupational disease for Veterinarians and Slaughter house workers
- Vets:
- during vaccination
- Removal of retained placenta
14
Q
What are the Virulence Factors of Brucella abortus?
A
- Endotoxin
- Abilit to survve in macrophages (Facultatively intracellular)
15
Q
What diseases does Brucella abortus cause?
A
- Contagious abortion (Bang’s diesease)
- Abortion >5 mo, with retained placenta
- Infertility, mastitis
- Bull: orchitis and epididymitis
- Affects joints
16
Q
What lesions are seen with Brucella abortus?
A
- Granulomatous and Suppurative
- Placentitis
- Endometritis
- Fetus:
- Edema and congestion of lungs
- hemorrhages of the epicardium and splenic capsule
17
Q
How is Brucella abortus Diagnosed?
A
- Difficut in bulls and non-pregnant females
- usually asymptomatic
- Abortion in cow
- particularly multiple in a herd
- Cattle with following signs should be tested:
- Abortion
- Increased frequency of retained placenta
- Testicular enlargement/abscesses
- Cultural examination:
- Sample: Fetal stomach contents, Placenta, Vaginal discharge, semen, Milk, Lymph nodes
- PCR assay for species confirmation
- Serology:
- Tube agglutination test
- Rapid plate agglutination test
- Milk Ring (ABRT) test
- Card test
- Vaccinated animals have IgM
- Infected animals have IgG
18
Q
How is the specificity of testing for Brucella abortus increased?
A
- Repeat test after several weeks
- Heating serum to 65C for 15 min
- Treatment ofserum with Rivanol or Mercaptoethanol (degrade IgM)
19
Q
What other tests are there for Brucella abortus?
A
- Completement fixation test
- Particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay - Automated
- ELISA - very sensitive
20
Q
What is treatment for Brucella abortus?
A
- Susceptible to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
- NOT permitted in Food Animals
- Permitted in Dogs and humans
21
Q
Is there a vaccine for Brucella abrotus?
A
- Strain 19 B.abortus biotype 1
- Live attenuated
- Only femle calves, 4-12 mo
- Males are not vaccinated - causes infertility
- RB51 strain (1996)
- Rough mutant o strain 2308
- Lacks O side chain in LPS
- Cell mediated immunity
- Used in adults also
22
Q
What is the National Brucellosis Eradication Program?
A
- Initiated in 1934, formally established in 1954
- Detection of infected animals
- Reactors are branded and slaughtered-Indemnity payment
- Herds with suspects are quarantined
- Vaccination of calves
23
Q
How is Brucellosis Status designated? before 1998
A
- Class-free: No cattle or bison are infected for 12 consecutive months
- Class A: 2.5 herds/1,000 herds
- Class B: 15 herds/1,000 herds
- Class C: >15 herds/1,000 herds
24
Q
What is the Brucellosis Surveillance Program?
A
- Market testing Program:
- Blood testing of cattle and bison sold or slaughtered
- Milk ring test of dairy herds
- New Strategy: (post 1998)
- Blood testing of cattle at slaughter
- Diagnostic laboratory-based abortion surveillance
25
What is the Brucellosis "Rapid Completion Plan?"
26
What was the Brucellosis Status Designation in 1998?
* Class free:
* No positive herd detected or one positive herd detected and her was depopulated and a thorough epidemiological investigation is completed
* Class A: Second positive herd detected within 24 months
27
What is *Brucella suis?*
* Can infect other animals
* 5 Biotypes:
* 1, 2, & 3 in pigs
* 4 & 5 in rodents and reindeer
* 2 in horses
28
What is the mode of infection of *Brucella suis?*
* Ingestion
* Nursing pigs from infected sows
* Venereal transmission
29
What does Brucellosis cause in Swine?
* Abortion (any time)
* Sterility
* Still births
* Spondylitis
* Abscesses in various organs
30
What are the control measures for Brucellosis in Swine?
* USDA National eradication programs is in place
* Elimination of the infected herd
* Infection occurs in wild and feral swine
* NO VACCINE
31
What is *Brucella ovis?*
* Least pathogenic species
* Venereal transmission
* Causes epididymitis in rams - often unilateral
* Causes abortion and infertillity in ewes
* *B. abortus* and *B. melitensis* are also involved
* *B. abortus* is more common than *B. ovis*
32
What is *Brucella canis?*
* Infects only dogs
* Highly conagious
* Mode of infection: Oral and venereal
33
What is the Pathogenesis of *Brucella canis?*
1. Urine / Vaginal Secretions / Semen
1. Makes contact with conjuctiva, Oral mucosa, Nasal mucosa
2. Makes contact with genital mucosa
2. *B. canis* is phagocytized
3. Makes it into the lymph nodes
4. Makes it into the blood
5. Reaches the Reproductiv tract
1. Female - goes to uterus / fetus
2. Male - goes to epidiymis / prostate
34
What symptoms does Canine Brucellosis cause in Females?
* Abortion (45 - 55 days)
* Aborted puppies show autolysi
* Edema and degenerative lesions
* Infertility
* Persistent vaginal discharge, which is loaded with *B. canis*
35
What symptoms does Canine Brucellosis cause in Males?
* Epididymitis
* Prostatitis
* Semen will have *B. canis*
* In chronic cases, testicular atrophy and sterility
36
What is Brucellosis in Dogs?
* Serious problem in breeding kennels
* Occationally *B. abortus, suis or melitensis*
* *B canis* infection in humans is mild
37
How is Canine Brucellosis Diagnosed?
* Cultural or PCR examination:
* Blood, vaginal discharde, aborted fetuses, semen
* Necropsy: lymph nodes and spleen
* Serology: Agglutination test
38
How is Canine Brucellosis Treated?
* Antibiotic:
* **Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines**
* ****Doxycycline and gentamicin combo**
* Long term treatment (3mo)
* Difficult to achieve complete cure
* Disease may relapse
* Not recommended for breeding dogs
39
How is Canine Brucellosis Prevented?
* No Vaccine
* Breeding Kennels:
* Periodic tsting and euthanizing all infected dogs
* Pet Dogs:
* Spay/Castration
* Treatment
* Consider Euthanasia
40
How is Brucellosis Controlled/Eradicated in Kennels?
* Quarantine
* Testing of all dogs
* Segregation of healthy dogs
* Euthanizing positive dogs
* Rigorous cleaningand disinfection
41
What is Brucellosis in Horses?
* *B. abortus*
* Abortion is _rare_
* Arthritis is common
* *B. abortus* is associated with:
* Poll evil (Atlantal bursitis)
* Fistulous withers (Supraspinatus bursitis)
42
What is Brucellosis in Goats?
* *B. melitensis* most common
* Abortion
* Orchitis
43
What is Brucellosis in Humans?
* *B. abortus, suis, melitensis,* rarely *canis*
* **No *B. ovis* or *neotomae*
* *B. melitensis* causes the most serious infection
* "Malta fever" "Undulant Fever"
* Long incubation period
* ~100 cases per year in the US
* Source of Infection:
* direct contact
* Unpasteruized milk/cheese
* Occupational disease
* Most prevalent in: Farm workers, Slaughter house workers, Vets
* In the last decade, Brucellosis has changed to a **foodborne disease**
44
WWhat are the clinical signs of Brucellosis in Humans?
* Fever
* Chills
* Malaise
* Headache
* Joint Pains
* Fatigue
* 'Chronic fatigue syndrom'
45
What does Brucellosis cause in general?
Infection of the reproductive organs
