PSY2002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5

Question 1

define culture

Answer 1

way of life of group of people grouped in same geographical location

Question 2

what does culture influences

Answer 2

behaviour, belief, expectation, value, interpretation of symbols that they agree on, passed along by communication and imittion from one generation to next

Question 3

what to be careful of when using culture studies with cognition

Answer 3

experience affect performance in most tasks, but performance only markers of cognition

Question 3

give examples of low level cognition

Answer 3

perception, attention, encoding

Question 4

summarise low-level cognition

Answer 4

unconscious, inflexible, early evolution, mostly hard-wired

Question 5

give examples of high level cognition

Answer 5

systematic decision making+brainstorming

Question 6

summarise high-level cognition

Answer 6

conscious, flexible, late evolution, can change

Question 7

culture impacting perception - give common myth of this

Answer 7

local Native American didn’t notice European ships floating past, as had never seen them before (many issues)

Question 8

summarise sapir-whorf hypothesis

Answer 8

language forms what we experience - if have word for something, can affect how experience world

Question 9

apply Sapir-Whorf hypothesis to russian language

Answer 9

quicker at classifying colour blue as dark/light, as it has 2 diff words
however less clear if it causes difference in performance or if just quicker categorise/see colours differently

Question 10

define social attention

Answer 10

priority automatically give to stimuli, generally considered to be bottom-up
however top-down influence and experience can shape these process

Question 11

compare eye-contact for western/East Asians

Answer 11

western are encouraged, but Japan it’s rude
EA focus around nose, western on eyes+mouth

Question 12

evidence = compare Finnish and Japanese ppts on eye contact perceptions (Uono & Hietenan, 2015)

Answer 12

asked if faces looked at them, found Finnish more accurate and show ‘own-race effect’ (Japan don’t)
visual experience with Finnish face during dev mean more effective processing of these face
eye contact minimal in Asian culture - dont have so much experience

Question 13

define analytic thinking

Answer 13

emphasise linear object-orientated focus (dominant in western Europe, NA)

Question 14

define holistic thinking

Answer 14

emphasise non-linear context-orientated focus (dominant in EA)

Question 15

does culture impact our considerations of context? (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001)

Answer 15

statements on fish swimming near the ocean floor
Japanese more likely >Americans make statements regarding contextual info and relationships

Question 16

compare Asian/American in eye-fixations during scene perception

Answer 16

up to 400ms both fixate similar amount
400ms+, American faster fixate and longer
first perceive scene, then cultural diff come into play

however other evidence suggest Japanese attention same as American, until asked report whats going on in context

Question 17

define absolute tasks

Answer 17

tasks requiring ignore context info when making judgement about focal object

Question 18

give example for absolute tasks

Answer 18

Americans more accurate than Chinese at rotating line so aligned with gravity (Ji, 2000)

Question 19

define relative tasks

Answer 19

tasks requiring incorporates context info

Question 20

define fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

failing to give proper weight to significant contextual info, in drawing judgement about person = Americans have high level FAE

Question 21

how do gaze cueing paradigms work?

Answer 21

use short SOAs (stimulus onset asynchrony)- time between cue and target

Question 22

compare cultures for gaze cueing paradigms

Answer 22

ppts show gaze cueing effect regardless of if cue is predictive
if longer SOA and let ppt have time to process contextual info (cue nonpredictive), Japanese are better at using contextual info, disengaging from irrelevant gaze

Question 23

what did Frame &line test - Kitayama (2003) results for gaze cueing and in culture

Answer 23

shown square frame with vertical line inside
shown 2nd frame smaller/larger
draw line in 2nd frame. either absolute task (draw line a same absolute length as line in 1st frame) or relative task (draw line whose proportion to size of 2nd frame same as proportion of 1st line to size of 1st frame)

• Japanese ppts better at relative task>absolute task- notice more of context
• Americans better at absolute

Japanese living in America + Americans living in Japan= exposure to society around us plays a role - individuals tended to show cognitive characteristic common in host culture

Question 24

give issues of frame & line research

Answer 24

- unsure if modification from emersion in new culture is permanent/temporary - average length of stay in host culture different between American/Japan - language used - in USA both tested in English in Japan ppts tested in native lang - whether voluntarily moved to a new country

Question 25

when does cultural attention differences develop

Answer 25

age 4-5 dont show difference but age 6-7, Japanese are better- indicate higher context sensitivity

Question 26

define affordance

Answer 26

property of an object that defines its possible uses

Question 27

compare holistic and analytic perceptual affordances in culture- for scene perception

Answer 27

in scene perception - Japanese city scene is more complex, ambiguous than American - suggesting objects look more embedded in field than in Japanese perceptual environment

Question 28

compare holistic and analytic perceptual affordances in culture- in change blindness tasks

Answer 28

(show 2 images, slightly different, spot differences): Japanese ppts more likely detect change (as they attend more to contextual info)