PSY2002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 9

Question 1

summarise madness of crowds, via examples

Answer 1

eg; stock market activity and economic bubbles = investors buy up cheap shares, snowballs, increases share price till no longer reflect value of company = bubble bursts, and so shares worth little

Question 2

summarise collective intelligence of masses, by examples

Answer 2

1907; Galton, got people estimate weight of ox. guess separate, but average of estimate near to actual ox weights

Question 3

what do standard approaches to assess group cog involve

Answer 3

3-6 ppt, brief decision making task, shared objective, brief/clear answers
more likely to get right, in group

Question 4

define confirmation bias

Answer 4

preference for seeking info that can only confirm existing belief, not contradicts
active searching for info and not just if believe info when encounter it

Question 5

summarise group cognition

Answer 5

most people understand answer when explained to them

• task can be used as small group decision task, and 80% groups get right answer compared to 70-80% individuals wrong answer
• few min discussions change wrong answer to a correct

Question 6

what helps Wason task accuracy?

Answer 6

making task less abstract
working in group

Question 7

what doesn’t help Wason tasks accuracy?

Answer 7

motivation/reward
changing wording
university education

Question 8

define madness of crowds making indiv better than group

Answer 8

instances of process loss= group decision inferior to indiv

Question 9

define wisdom of crowds making group better than indivis

Answer 9

instances of process gain= group decision are better than indiv

Question 10

what determine when groups or individuals perform better

Answer 10

type of task
comparison standard
methods of coordin
individual variations

Question 11

compare 4 diff task types

Answer 11

intellective tasks (clear answers) v judgements tasks (estimations/opinion)
clearly defined vs poorly defined

Question 12

what type of task does group perform well on - when are given time and discussion

Answer 12

if given time and discussion= as well as their best individual on intellective task

Question 13

what type of task does best member outperform groups well on

Answer 13

best members outperforms group for judgement

Question 14

what type of task does groups perform same as average member

Answer 14

when no clear answer, perform at level of average members

Question 15

name 4 coordination methods, used to understand what happens in group

Answer 15

delphi method, dictator method, consensus method, dialectic method

Question 16

outline delphi method of coordination for undestanding what happens in groups

Answer 16

revise answers to reach a consensus

Question 17

outline dictator method of coordination for undestanding what happens in groups

Answer 17

discussion group chose best individual to answer

Question 18

outline consensus method of coordination for undestanding what happens in groups

Answer 18

come to group agreement in a discussion

Question 19

outline dialectic method of coordination for undestanding what happens in groups

Answer 19

discussion, collective mean, revision

Question 20

what did Sniezek (1989) find regarding the different coordination methods comparing improvements in error for individuals and groups

Answer 20

greatest improvement in error compared to individual estimates in dictator group, then delphi, dialetic, least improved in consensus

none outperformed best indiv members. also, in dictator group best performer also often adjusted response toward collective mean

Question 21

name 3 individual differences as where groups or individuals performs better

Answer 21

source of info/accesses to cue
ability
capacity- willigness coordinate

Question 22

how is consensus reached?

Answer 22

revision + weighting

Question 23

outline 2 stage model of consensus being achieve

Answer 23

revision occur within individual within group
weighting (combination of multiple judgement), occur within groups

Question 24

summarise lens model of group decision-making + consensus

Answer 24

revision at individual level and weighting at group level
informing how group arrives at a consensus judgement

Question 25

in lens model of group decision-making + consensus, what is C

Answer 25

environment containing to-be judged element/criteria

Question 26

in lens model of group decision-making + consensus, what is O

Answer 26

judgements and revised judgements

Question 27

in lens model of group decision-making + consensus, what is G

Answer 27

group judgement

Question 28

what is Brunswikian lens model framework- built by Gigone & Hastie (1997) based on revision/weighting ideas

Answer 28

weightings toward indiv and info can affect accuracy of group judgement this provide framework to systemat think about diff factors which might affect group cognition and allow using statistical techniq to judgemental accuracy analysis

Question 29

explain why intellective>judgemental tasks easier in a group

Answer 29

- intellective: simple, as solution is demonstrable - judgmental: harder, groups have to rely on intuition on member credibility

Question 30

explain "strong functional pull" of groups

Answer 30

evidence contradicting general pattern of identification of best member = Tindale et al (1990) found many groups contain a member who didn’t make conjunctive error individually, did in group

Question 31

when does estimating work for wisdom of crowd

Answer 31

independent estimate (uncorrel error) no systematic bias no coord btw/ group member

Question 32

what are uncorrelated errors

Answer 32

noise balanced, so cancel eachothers out

Question 33

give 3 reasons for correlated error

Answer 33

limited info shared (indiv) bias group conformity

Question 34

name 3 way for harnessing wisdom of crowds

Answer 34

training, teaming, tracking

Question 35

is probability or scenario training better

Answer 35

probability

Question 36

define groupthink

Answer 36

highly cohesive groups exhibit premature consensus seeking (ie, premature closure on group level), lead to poor decision-making

Question 37

what 3 thing can group think cause

Answer 37

overconfidence, blindness to errors, conformity

Question 38

name 5 antecedents in groupthink

Answer 38

cohesiveness, insularity, directed leadership, lack of procedures for search and appraisal of info, low confidence in ability to find alternative solution

Question 39

name 8 symptom of groupthink

Answer 39

illusion of invulnerability, collective effort to rationalise, unquestioned beliefs in morality, stereotyped view of rival, direc t pressure on nonconforming member, self-censorship of doubt, emergence of midguard

Question 40

define polarisation in group decision making

Answer 40

attitudes expressed in group move away from average of individuals opinions and move towards a more extreme position

Question 41

name criticism of groupthink

Answer 41

- not distinct phenomenon?- can be used to explain every example of poor decision (easy go-to ) - add anything to literature of group reasoning? - doesn’t happen?- lacks empirical evidence - focus on when group decisions have led to negative outcome- restrict understanding of group decision making process

Question 42

what is interactionist-social account of reason

Answer 42

reason evolved to produce, evaluate arguments, not for individuals to solve problems

Question 43

why do 80% individual fail Wasons task in a small group

Answer 43

- strong bias against getting right answer - simple aggregation should compound this effect - result- 80% groups get answer right - majority failure converted to majority success! “truth wins” scenario

Question 44

what is argumentative theory of reasoning?

Answer 44

- analysis of transcripts shows “exchange of arguments” is key = argumentative theory of reasoning - Mercier & Sperber- confirmation bias is individual failing, but here a collective strength

Question 45

explain exchange of arguments as explanation for how group reason

Answer 45

groups typically co-constructed structure of arguments qualitatively more sophisticated than that generated by most individuals

Question 46

define collective intelligence

Answer 46

ability of group to perform wide variety of tasks

Question 47

what is C collective intelligence

Answer 47

inference one draws when ability of group to perform 1 task is correlated with that groups ability to perform wide range of other tasks

Question 48

what is C inspired by?

Answer 48

general idea of general intelligence, performance of individual across range of diff kind of cog task, encapsulated as common statistical factor called general intelligence

Question 49

what is c correlated with?

Answer 49

average social sensitivity of group members equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking proportion of females in group diversity within group cognitive diversity

Question 50

what does general intelligence suggest regarding groups

Answer 50

take more than group of smart individuals to make smart group

Question 51

what does reading mind in eyes mean

Answer 51

measure of social cog, ToM decide which emotion eyes convey

Question 52

what is collective intelligence correlated with on reading mind in eye tasks

Answer 52

- collective intelligence correlated with individual group members ability in ToM - found collective intelligence factor characterises group performance as well online and ftf ToM measure equally predictive of collective intelligence for both= suggest ToM ability just as important to group performance online with limited nonverbal cues, and also suggest reading Mind in Eyes test measures deeper aspect of social reasoning, not just ability to recognise facial expressions of mental states

Question 53

give example of choosing intelligence task

Answer 53

Sudoku used as measure of intelligence, conducted online/ftf

Question 54

name 3 predictor on group intelligence

Answer 54

- average social sensitivity - amount of communication - distribution of communication