PSY2002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 6

Question 1

define cognitive psychology

Answer 1

study of human mental processes

Question 2

name tools/measures of cognitive psychology

Answer 2

tools- tasks that employ specific cognitive processes
measures- accuracy, RT, eye-movements

Question 3

define neuroscience

Answer 3

study of brain and nervous system

Question 4

name tools/measures of neuroscience

Answer 4

tools- brain imaging tools (EEG, fMRI)
measures- EEG signal, BOLD

Question 5

define cognitive neuroscience

Answer 5

study of relation between brain structures/activity and cognitive functions

Question 6

what is N170 response to faces and objects, what does it suggest?

Answer 6

larger to face>object, concluding reflect structural encoding of faces prior to identification
ALTERNATIVEexplanation - assoc with low level features of faces

Question 7

how does MRI work

Answer 7

H atom spin, align in scanner magnetic field. send in radio waves, makes them face into new directions

when relax, return to past alignment - emit energy = scanner uses to create images

H atoms in different tissues have different relaxation times, weaker signal = darker area

Question 8

give 3 advantages in fMRI

Answer 8

spatial res + structural data
non-invasive
tells us which parts of brain are used in tasks

Question 9

give 5 disadvantages of fMRI

Answer 9

poor temporal resolution
experience
no metals
BOLD not direct measure
expensive- questionable research practice issues

Question 10

how does culture affect face processing - how fMRI can inform us in cog, explain Adams (2010) reading mind in eyes?

Answer 10

Japanese students more correct on Asian eye, white students on white eye = own race effect

Question 11

what is posterior superior temporal sulcus sensitive to (found by fMRI)

Answer 11

lip reading, mouth movement, body movement, eye gaze, hand action

Question 12

what does posterior superior temporal sulcus activities reflect

Answer 12

sensitive to implied motion, to stimuli signalling actions of others
so, reflects high-level reasoning, action interpretation

Question 13

what can posterior superior temporal sulcus activity response to others body language be used in

Answer 13

researching own-race effect

Question 14

what is found regarding own race effects on posterior superior temporal sulcus

Answer 14

both side of brain shows more activation on same race
correlate with behavioural findings, and with fMRI finding

Question 15

why should we only focus with a single area when studying own race effect via fMRI etc

Answer 15

sensitive to “alpha inflation”, due to multiple comparison, therefore if compared many areas then eventually show statistical difference due to type-1 error

Question 16

how can we avoid alpha inflation (eventual statistical differences generated through multiple area comparisons)

Answer 16

compare to unrelated task, eg “gender discriminations” task, see if results are just showing brain carrying out discriminations instead of what actually want to know

Question 17

how can study if autistic individuals/neurotypical process emot image in same way?

Answer 17

ppts pick which emotions blurred (face blurred), what object blurred (feet blurred)
emplicit- direct ask what emotions
implicit- don’t ask but emotions clear in a pic

Question 18

what is found (Kana, 2016) regarding if autistic individuals/neurotypcail process emot image in same ways

Answer 18

no behavioural diff, but in explicit both autistic/neurot activate similar areas (posterior superior temporal sulcus, medial PFC)
in implicit, autistics lower activate mPFC, pSTS

Question 19

autistics show lower activation in medial PFC, and posterior superior temporal sulcus in emotion processing, what does this suggest??

Answer 19

recruit task-specific brain region for processing emotion when they’ve been asked - apply, ask more explicit instruction
higher activity for neurotypicals suggest more automat emot proc
suggest autistic no inherent difficulty recog emotion, just less likely do it unprompted/during other task

Question 20

define social brain network

Answer 20

theres multiple brain areas active when proc social stimuli, undergoing signif development adolescent

Question 21

define 3rd person neuroscience

Answer 21

standard when studying social activities in brain

Question 22

give examples of third-person neuroscience

Answer 22

passive perception of non interactive stimulus, pre-recorded stimulus that ppts know pre-recorded

Question 23

give examples for second persons neuroscience

Answer 23

live social partner transmitted via real-time video link, gaze contingent avatar, pre-recorded stimulus that ppt thinks is real

Question 24

outline simulataneous approach used in hyperscanning dual brain studying

Answer 24

2 ppts see others resopnse

Question 25

outline sequential approach used in hyperscanning dual brain studying

Answer 25

first person goes into scanner, do recording, and show to second person alongside stimulus

Question 26

outline study of Anders (2011) using hyperscanning/dual brain study in couples, finding a 'shared network effect'

Answer 26

- womens task: express following emotions one by one (joy, anger, fear…) - mens task: watch partner face, try to feel with her found “shared network effect” = examined whether could predict brain activity of men based on brain activities in partner and some areas were co-activated (resulting in high classification accuracy) - and classification accuracies highest in men view partners video, rather than other videos concluded activity in 1 persons brain can influence activity in another persons brain - info can be successfully transferred and info better transferred inbetween partner

Question 27

what does the shared-network effect show

Answer 27

activity in ones brain can infl activity in others, and info can be successfully transferred inbetween partners!

Question 28

state 3 steps of 'brain as-predictor framework'

Answer 28

1. generate hypothesis of what brain region involv in particular cog process of interest 2. collect data in which neural activation in hypothesised regions is measured and data on behavioural outcome recorded 3. test whether activity in brain regions specified predict behaviour outcomes measured in step 2

Question 29

define brain-as-predictor research

Answer 29

treat neural measures as IV in models that predict behaviour outcomes measured in step 2 use both brain map, neural activity as a DV improve ecol validity - connect neural measure directly to outcome

Question 30

apply brain-as-predictor model to cognition

Answer 30

model of intelligence based on structure/functions to explain 45% variance intelligence, predict trajectories of skill acquisition + age related cog decline

Question 31

apply brain-as-predictor model to health

Answer 31

identify regions assoc with persuasion of health beh examine rel between basic social, cog, affective proc

Question 32

apply brain-as-predictor model to economic decisions

Answer 32

predict consumer choices donation behaviour

Question 33

apply brain-as-predictor model in clinical/addictions

Answer 33

predict repsonsiv to therapy for depression, anx, relapsing, how to regulate smoking crav