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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 4: Recognizong Objects > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 4: Recognizong Objects Flashcards

1
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Patients can see, but can’t organize the elements they see in order to perceive an entire object

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2
Q

What is assosiative agnosia?

A

Patients can see, but can’t link what they see to their basic visual knowledge

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3
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Processing that is directly shaped by the stimulus

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4
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Processing that is heavily shaped by the knowledge and expectations the person brings to the situation

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5
Q

How does recognition begin?

A

With the identification of visual features in the input pattern

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6
Q

What are two types of visual search tasks?

A
  • A pop-out search/singleton search
  • A conjunction search
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7
Q

What is the difference between a pop-out search and a conjunction search?

A
  • Pop-out: All items except the target share the same features
  • Conjunction: Target does not contain any unique features and must be identified based on a conjunction of two or more features
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8
Q

During a visual search task, does a participant’s speed in locating the target increase or decrease as the target is defined by more features?

A

Decreases

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9
Q

What is a tachistoscope?

A

A device that allows for the presentation of stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time (modern research just uses computes)

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10
Q

What are brief presentations of stimuli called?

A

Tachistoscopic presentations

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11
Q

What are four factors that may influence the ability to recognize a briefly visible stimuli?

A
  • Familiarity
  • Recency of view
  • Word-superiority
  • Degree of well-formedness
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12
Q

What is the purpose of a post-stimulus mask?

A

To interrupt any continued processing for the initial stimulus

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13
Q

What is priming?

A

A process through which one input or cue prepares a person for an upcoming input or cue

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14
Q

What recency priming?

A

A pattern of priming where a stimulus that has been presented recently results in processing becoming more efficient

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15
Q

What is repetition/frequency priming?

A

A pattern of priming that occurs when a stimulus is presented on multiple occasions and processing becomes more efficient

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16
Q

What is the word-superiority effect?

A

People are more accurate and efficient in recognizing letters if they appear within a word or word-like string than when in isolation

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17
Q

What does degree of well-formedness measure?

A

The degree to which a string of letters conforms to the usual patterns of spelling

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18
Q

T or F: There is a strong tendency to misread less common letter sequences as if they were more common patterns.

A

True

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19
Q

What are feature nets?

A

Systems for recognizing patterns that involve a network of nodes, with nodes for features serving as the initial layer on each system, then moving up to more complex nodes like those for letters or words

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20
Q

What does activation level measure?

A

The current status for a node/detector

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21
Q

When does activation level increase?

A

If the node/detector receives the appropriate input from associated nodes/detectors

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22
Q

Will activation level be higher or lower if input has been received frequently or recently?

A

Higher

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23
Q

T or F: Only an input strong enough will increase the activation level of a node.

A

False. A series of weaker inputs can also increase activation level.

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24
Q

What is the response threshold?

A

The quantity of information or activation needed to trigger a response

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25
Q

T or F: The higher an activation level, the less stimulation it will need to reach a response threshold

A

True

26
Q

What are bigram detectors?

A

Hypothetical units in a recognition system that respond/fire whenever a specific letter pair is in view

27
Q

How is there bias built into feature networks?

A

Weak signals from ambiguous input will trigger a well-primed detector over one that is less primed

28
Q

Does the bias built into feature networks make ambiguous/unclear input look more or less regular than they actually are?

A

More regular

29
Q

What does it mean for information to be locally represented?

A

Information is encoded in a small number of identifiable nodes

30
Q

What does it mean for information to be distributively represented?

A

Information is represented by a pattern of simultaneous activity across many nodes

31
Q

Is “knowledge” about bigram frequencies contained within the network via local or distributed representation?

A

Distributed

32
Q

What is improved, and what is sacrificed when the feature network is feed fast, yet ambiguous input, allowing the most common interpretation to occur?

A

Efficiency is improved, but minor sacrifices to accuracy are made

33
Q

What are two ways in which the basic conceptualization of the feature net has been improved?

A
  • The proposal of inhibitor connections among detectors
  • The proposal that applies the network idea to the recognition of complex, 3D objects
34
Q

What is different about the McClelland and Rumelhart feature network model compared to the basic model?

A

It includes both excitatory and inhibitory connections

35
Q

According to the McClelland and Rumelhart feature network model, what are excitatory connections?

A

Connections that allow one detector to activate its neighbours

36
Q

According to the McClelland and Rumelhart feature network model, what are inhibitory connections?

A

Connections from one node to another that decreases the activation level of the receiving node

37
Q

What is the recognition by components model?

A

A model of object recognition where geons serve as the basic building blocks that construct all objects

38
Q

What are geons?

A

3D shapes for which non-accidental properties are the same across most viewpoints

39
Q

What are proposed as the building blocks of all complex 3D forms?

A

Geons

40
Q

What are non-accidental properties?

A

Features of 3D images that are always present in any 2D viewpoint (excluding “accidental” views)

41
Q

T or F: Geons can be identified from virtually any angle of view

A

True

42
Q

T or F: Objects can be recognized from just a few geons.

A

True

43
Q

T or F: cells in the inferotemporal cortex near the terminus of the “what pathway” seem to have specific targets and fire most strongly when that target is in view.

A

True

44
Q

What brain area is proposed to provide the biological foundation for word and object detectors/nodes?

A

The inferotemporal cortex

45
Q

What is viewpoint invariance?

A

The ability to recognize objects regardless of their viewpoint

46
Q

What are the two theories that attempt to explain viewpoint invariance?

A
  • Recognition by components theory
  • Recognition by multiple views
47
Q

What does the recognition by multiple views theory propose?

A

That 3D object recognition is based on the accumulation of encoded memories of multiple viewpoints

48
Q

What are viewpoint-independent cells?

A

Cells that fire strongly to virtually any view of the target object regardless of orientation

49
Q

What are viewpoint-dependent cells?

A

Cells that fire strongest to an object viewed from a particular angle

50
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

A syndrome in which individuals lose their ability to recognize faces, despite their vision being intact

51
Q

In terms of facial recognition, what are “super-recognizers”?

A

People who are incredibly accurate in the recognition of faces, but have no advantage in other perceptual or memory tasks

52
Q

What is the inversion effect?

A

A pattern of recognition in which the recognition of faces is incredibly disrupted when viewed upside-down, compared to the recognition of ordinary objects viewed upside-down, which is only slightly disrupted

53
Q

Which brain area only demonstrates increased activity when perceiving faces and face-like stimuli?

A

The fusiform face area

54
Q

T or F: According to some researchers, the fusiform face area doesn’t just process faces, but any objects people have expertise with.

A

True

55
Q

What is holistic recognition?

A

A process in which the ability to identify an object depends on viewing its entire configuration, rather than on an inventory of its parts

56
Q

Is facial recognition based on the perception of features or holistic perception?

A

Holistic perception

57
Q

What is the composite effect?

A

It’s harder to recognize half of a face when aligned with half of a different face

58
Q

How does the recognition of familiar faces differ from the recognition of less familiar faces?

A
  • More familiar: Recognition relies on the relationships among the inner facial features
  • Less familiar: Recognition is more influenced by the outer facial features like hair and overall head shape
59
Q

T or F: Most people are less accurate in the recognizing faces of people from their own racial background.

A

False. More accurate.

60
Q

Can object recognition be viewed as a self-contained process?

A

No

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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