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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 6: Memory Acquisition and Working Memory > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 6: Memory Acquisition and Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory acquisition?

A

The process of gaining information and placing it into memory

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2
Q

What is the term used to describe where memories are kept once acquired?

A

Storage

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3
Q

Is memory storage static or dynamic?

A

Dynamic

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4
Q

What is retrieval ?

A

The process of locating information in memory and activating it for use

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5
Q

What did Atkinson and Shiffrin propose?

A

The modal model of memory

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6
Q

T or F: All aspects of the modal model of memory are still used when theorizing and conceptualizing ideas of memory.

A

False

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7
Q

According to the modal model of memory, what are the three types of memory?

A
  • Sensory
  • Short-Term
  • Long-Term
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8
Q

According to the modal model of memory, what is stored within sensory/ionic memory?

A

Raw and uninterpreted information

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9
Q

What is “short-term memory” proposed in the modal model of memory now referred to as?

A

Working memory

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10
Q

How does the role of sensory memory differ from the modal model and modern definition?

A

Modern updates claim sensory memory plays a smaller role than previously thought

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11
Q

T or F: Working memory is a system, not a single entity?

A

True

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12
Q

Is information in working memory held by passive processes or active processes?

A

Active processes

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13
Q

How does the size of working memory compare to that of long-term memory?

A
  • Working memory is limited in size
  • Long-term memory is enormous
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14
Q

How does memory retrieval and storage differ between working memory and long-term memory?

A

Storing and retrieving memories in/from working memory is much easier than long-term memory

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15
Q

Which type of memory is more fragile, working or long-term?

A

Working

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16
Q

What is a free recall procedure used for?

A

Testing what participants are able to remember

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17
Q

How is a free recall procedure performed?

A

Participants are asked to listen to a series of words and immediately after the last word is read, they must repeat back as many words as they can remember

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18
Q

When results from a free recall procedure are presented on a graph, what shape does the data typically form?

A

A U-shaped curve

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19
Q

What is serial position?

A

Where materials are located within a series

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20
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

The tendency to remember materials that occur late in a series

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21
Q

What is the logic behind the recency effect?

A

Late-arriving items are still in working memory and nothing else has arrived after them to take up that space

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22
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

The tendency to remember materials that occur early in a series

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23
Q

What is memory rehearsal?

A

A process in which individuals repeat what they are trying to remember to themselves

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24
Q

What is the logic behind the primacy effect?

A

Participants are able to focus their full attention on items early in a series because they aren’t dividing their attention between as many items

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25
Q

How will the primacy effect be impacted if participants are asked to perform a cognitive task directly after hearing the list of words?

A

There is no impact because primacy depends on LTM storage, which isn’t easily influenced by current cognitive activity

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26
Q

How will the recency effect be impacted if participants are asked to perform a cognitive task directly after hearing the list of words?

A

The last few list items will be displaced from working memory because its capacity is limited and therefore, there will be no benefit from the recency effect

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27
Q

How does slowing the presentation of words affect primacy?

A

Provides more time for participants to transfer information into LTM

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28
Q

Does slowing the presentation of words affect recency?

A

No

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29
Q

Which brain area is largely associated with LTM?

A

Areas in and around the hippocampus

30
Q

Which brain area is largely associated with working memory?

A

The perirhinal cortex

31
Q

T or F: People differ in the “holding capacity” of their working memories.

A

True

32
Q

What does a digit-span task measure?

A

Measures a person’s working memory storage capacity

33
Q

How is a digit-span task performed?

A
  • Participants are read a series of digits and must immediately repeat them back
  • If successful with the first list, they are given a slightly longer list
  • Longer lists are given until an error is made
34
Q

What does the length of the longest list of numbers a person can remember indicate?

A

Their digit span

35
Q

When do errors in a digit-span task typically begin to occur?

A

When the list contains more than seven or eight items

36
Q

What is the proposed average capacity of working memory?

A

7 plus or minus 2

37
Q

What are chunks in memory storage?

A

The hypothetical storage units in working memory

38
Q

How much information can be stored in each chunk of material being memorized?

A

An unspecified amount

39
Q

What is the modern replacement for the measure obtained from the digit-span task?

A

Operation span tasks

40
Q

T or F: Operation span is predictive of performance in other tasks.

A

True

41
Q

T or F: The reading-span task is a more accurate measure of working memory capacity than the digit-span task.

A

True

42
Q

What is a reading-span task?

A

Participants are asked to read a series of sentences out loud then are asked to recall the final word in each sentence

43
Q

How is working memory capacity measured?

A

Operation span tasks

44
Q

T or F: reading span tasks are a type of operation span task.

A

True

45
Q

T or F: People with lower working memory capacity will do better in tasks that require coordination of different pieces of information.

A

False

46
Q

T or F: Correlations between working memory capacity and performance are observed in both active measures like operation span and more traditional and static measures like digit-span.

A

False. Active measures do, but static measures do not.

47
Q

What is the central executive?

A

The name given to the executive control processes that are required for planning and decision-making

48
Q

Do all situations involving working memory use the central executive?

A

No

49
Q

What is said to be the “Low level assistant to the central executive”?

A

The articulatory rehearsal loop

50
Q

The articulatory rehearsal loop draws on ____________ speech, which creates a record in the ______________ buffer.

A

Subvocalized (covert), phonological buffer

51
Q

What is subvocalization?

A

Covert speech in which one goes through the motions of speaking or forms a detailed motor plan for speech movement without making any sound

52
Q

What is the phonological buffer?

A

A passive storage system used for holding a representation of recently heard of or self-produced sounds

53
Q

How can materials in the phonological buffer be refreshed?

A

With another round of subvocalization/ covert speech

54
Q

Why are “sound-alike” errors made while holding information in working memory?

A

Because the rehearsal loop involves an “inner ear” that stores items as internal representations of sounds, which can be easily altered by subvocalization

55
Q

What is concurrent articulation?

A

The speaking or miming of speech while doing another task

56
Q

Why does concurrent articulation block the use of the rehearsal loop?

A

It occupies the muscles and control mechanisms needed for speech, so subvocalization is prevented

57
Q

How does concurrent articulation affect memory span?

A

Concurrent articulation decreases memory span

58
Q

Why do concurrent articulation and visual presentation of items decrease “sound-alike” errors?

A

There is no manipulation by subvocalization

59
Q

What is the visuospatial buffer?

A

Stores visual materials like mental images

60
Q

How does the episodic buffer help the central executive?

A

It organizes information into a chronological sequence

61
Q

What are the two main types of rehearsal?

A
  • Maintenance rehearsal
  • Relational/elaborative rehearsal
62
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

The mechanical process of cycling items through working memory by repeating them over and over

63
Q

What is relational/elaborative rehearsal?

A

A form of mental processing where an individual thinks about the relations and connections among ideas

64
Q

Which type of rehearsal is superior for establishing information in memory?

A

Relational/elaborative

65
Q

What is intentional learning?

A

Learning that is deliberate, with an expectation that memory will be tested later

66
Q

What is incidental learning?

A

Learning in the absence of any intention to learn or expectation of a subsequent test

67
Q

What is the difference between shallow and deep processing?

A
  • Shallow: material is thought about in a superficial manner
  • Deep: material is thought about in a way that attends to meaning and implications
68
Q

Which level of processing is best for memory retention?

A

Deep processing

69
Q

What is a retrieval path?

A

A connection/series of connections that can lead to a sought-after memory in long term storage

70
Q

What are mnemonic strategies?

A

Techniques designed to improve memory accuracy and make learning easier

71
Q

What is the peg-word system?

A

A type of mnemonic strategy using specific words or locations as “pegs” on which to “hang” the materials to be remembered

72
Q

What is a downside to mnemonics?

A

By focusing on just one or two memory connections, less time is spent thinking of other possible connections that may help better understand material

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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