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psyc*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 7: The Types of Memory > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 7: The Types of Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is context-dependent learning?

A

A pattern of data in which materials learned in one setting are well remembered when a person returns to that setting, but less remembered in other settings

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2
Q

What is context reinstatement?

A

A procedure in a which a person recreates the same mental and emotional state they were in during learning

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3
Q

T or F: What matters more for context reinstatement is the physical environment, not the mental context.

A

False

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4
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory, both the materials to be learned and some of the context in which they were learned

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5
Q

What is the main consequence of encoding specificity?

A

Materials will only be recognized as familiar later if they appear again in similar context

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6
Q

What is a node within the mental network?

A

An individual unit of information

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7
Q

What are associative links/associations within the mental network?

A

Functional connections hypothesized to link nodes together

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8
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

A process through which activation travels from one node to another via associative links

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9
Q

What is the response threshold in the mental network?

A

The activation level for a node needed to make it fire

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10
Q

What is the subactivation threshold in the mental network?

A

Activation levels below the response threshold

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11
Q

In terms of the mental network, what is summation?

A

The accumulation of several subthreshold activation inputs that bring a node to threshold

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12
Q

How do retrieval cues affect the mental network?

A

They stimulate nodes from an additional source, and may be enough to lift activation to threshold levels

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13
Q

What is a lexical decision task?

A

A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and must indicate as quickly as possible whether the string is an actual word in their language

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14
Q

What does response speed in a lexical decision task indicate?

A

How quickly a word can be located in memory

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15
Q

What is semantic priming?

A

A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas that are related

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16
Q

How does semantic priming affect response speed in a lexical decision task?

A

If the first word being shown is semantically related to the next (it’s primed), responses are faster

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17
Q

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

A
  • Recall: Desired materials must be remembered in response to a cue/prompt
  • Recognition: Items to be remembered are presented, and the person must decide if the item was previously encountered
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18
Q

T or F: Familiarity is an objective fact, in addition to a subjective feeling.

A

True

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19
Q

What is source memory?

A

A form of memory enabling a person to recollect where and how they have previously encountered a particular stimulus

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20
Q

How are familiarity and source memory distinct?

A

It’s possible for an event to be familiar without any source memory and to have source memory without familiarity

21
Q

What is attribution?

A

The step of explaining a feeling or event

22
Q

Which brain area is attributed to source memory?

A

The hippocampus

23
Q

Which brain area is attributed to familiarity?

A

The parahippocampus

24
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  • Implicit/non-declarative memory
  • Explicit/declarative memory
25
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

A
  • Implicit: Unconscious and unable to vocalize
  • Explicit: Conscious and able to vocalize
26
Q

How is implicit memory revealed?

A

By indirect memory testing

27
Q

What is indirect memory testing?

A

A form of memory testing in which participants are not told that their memories are being tested

28
Q

What is involved in the word-stem completion task?

A

Participants are given the beginning of a word and must provide a word that corresponds to those letters

29
Q

T or F: Priming can be observed in a word-stem completion task even if participants show no conscious memory of the word when tested directly.

A

True

30
Q

What is the illusion of truth effect?

A

An effect of implicit memory, in which claims that are more familiar seem more plausible

31
Q

What is source confusion?

A

A memory error in which one misremembers when a particular piece of information was learned or where it was last remembered

32
Q

What is a processing pathway?

A

The sequence of nodes and connections through which activation flows when recognizing or thinking about a stimulus or idea

33
Q

What is processing fluency?

A

The speed or ease with which the processing pathway will carry activation

34
Q

Is familiarity more like a conclusion being drawn, or a feeling triggered by a stimulus?

A

A conclusion being drawn

35
Q

T or F: If processing is unexpectedly fluent, people may seek an attribution for this fluency and may be fooled into thinking something is familiar when it’s not

A

True

36
Q

How is explicit memory revealed?

A

Through direct memory testing

37
Q

What is direct memory testing?

A

A form of memory testing in which people are asked explicitly to remember a previous event

38
Q

What are the four main categories of implicit memory?

A
  • Procedural memory
  • Priming
  • Perceptual learning
  • Classical conditioning
39
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Knowing how to do something

40
Q

What is priming?

A

Changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience

41
Q

What are the two main divisions of explicit/declarative memory?

A
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
42
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

A
  • Episodic: Memories for a specific event
  • Semantic: More general knowledge
43
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A
  • Retrograde: An inability to remember experiences that occurred before the event that triggered the memory disruption
  • Anterograde: An inability to remember experiences that occurred after the event that triggered the memory disruption
44
Q

What type of amnesia did H.M suffer from?

A

Anterograde

45
Q

What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

A clinical syndrome characterized primarily by dense anterograde amnesia

46
Q

Do Korsakoff’s patients demonstrate explicit or implicit memory?

A

When tested indirectly, they show implicit memory

47
Q

Would a person with damage to the hippocampus, but not amygdala, have disrupted implicit or explicit memory?

A

Explicit

48
Q

Would a person with damage to the amygdala, but not the hippocampus, have disrupted explicit or implicit memory?

A

Implicit

psyc*2650 (14 decks)

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