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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 8: Remembering Complex Events > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 8: Remembering Complex Events Flashcards

1
Q

How does the memory of someone with highly superior autobiographical memory differ from someone with “normal” memory?

A

Individuals with HSAM have virtually perfect memories for their lives, but have no advantage in remembering other content or performing other mental tasks

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2
Q

What does it mean for memory storage to be modality-specific?

A

What is seen is stored in brain areas devoted to visual processing, what is heard is devoted to areas involved with auditory processing, etc

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3
Q

What are the two main types of memory errors?

A
  • Errors of omission
  • Errors of commission
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4
Q

T or F: Memory is an active process of inference and reconstruction.

A

True

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5
Q

What is the difference between errors of omission and errors of commission?

A
  • Omission: Caused by a lack of availability of information
  • Commission: Caused by the false remembering
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6
Q

What are two ways in which errors of omission can occur?

A
  • Poor encoding
  • Forgetting
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7
Q

What are intrusion errors?

A

A memory error in which a person recalls elements that were not part of the original episode

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8
Q

What is the DRM paradigm?

A

A commonly used experimental design for eliciting and studying memory errors

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9
Q

What is the procedure for the DRM paradigm?

A
  • Participants are shown or read a list of words related to a single theme
  • The word that names the theme isn’t included, but participants are very likely to state that it was
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10
Q

When warned about the error associated with the DRM paradigm, are participants less likely to make the mistake?

A

No

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11
Q

What is a schema?

A

A type of knowledge describing what is typical or frequent in a particular situation

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12
Q

Can schemas promote errors in perception and memory?

A

Yes

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13
Q

T or F: Schemas are useful when trying to recall an event.

A

True

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14
Q

T or F: Memory connections don’t undermine accuracy.

A

False

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15
Q

What are the two scenarios in which eyewitness errors occur?

A
  • When the wrong person is identified as the culprit
  • When an individual misreports how events unfolded
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16
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

An effect in which reports of an earlier event are influenced by misinformation received after the event

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17
Q

Can the misinformation effect be used to create false memories?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is it easier to plant plausible false memories or implausible false memories?

A

Plausible

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19
Q

T or F: Errors are less likely when the post-event information supplements what was remembered rather than contradicting it.

A

False. They are more likely.

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20
Q

Is it easier to add false information to a memory or replace it?

A

It’s easier to add to it

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21
Q

Under what conditions are false memories more easily planted?

A

If the participant is told to imagine the suggested event rather than just hear about it

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22
Q

What can be used as an indicator of whether a memory is trustworthy?

A

The degree of certainly a person has in that memory

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23
Q

What might be the reason for which a memory expressed with total certainty turns out to be wrong?

A

Confidence can be artificially inflated

24
Q

Are memory errors avoidable?

A

No

25
Q

What are the two reasons for “forgetting”?

A
  • Failure to pay attention during acquisition
  • Genuinely forgetting the information
26
Q

What is the retention interval?

A

The amount of time that passes between initial learning and the retrieval of that material

27
Q

As the retention interval increases, what happens to the likelihood of forgetting?

A

It increases

28
Q

What are three potential explanations for the pattern displayed by an increasing retention interval?

A
  • Decay theory of forgetting
  • Interference theory
  • Retrieval failure
29
Q

What is the decay theory of forgetting?

A

The hypothesis that with the passage of time, memories may fade or erode

30
Q

What is the logic behind the decay theory of forgetting?

A
  • Brain cells relevant to a specific idea may die overtime
  • When connections among memories aren’t constantly refreshed, they gradually weaken
31
Q

What is the interference theory?

A

The hypothesis that materials are lost from memory because of interferences from other materials in memory

32
Q

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

A
  • Proactive: Interference cause by materials learned prior to the actual learning episode
  • Retroactive: Interference caused by materials learned after the actual learning episode
33
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

The hypothesis that “forgotten memories” are still in LTM, but the person is unable to locate them while trying to retrieve it

34
Q

T or F: The greater the retention interval, the greater the likelihood that a person’s perspective has changed, therefore there’s a lower chance of retrieval failure

A

False. The greater the retention interval, the greater the likelihood that a person’s perspective has changed, therefore there’s a GREATER chance of retrieval failure.

35
Q

What is the tip of tongue phenomenon?

A

An effect in which people are unable to remember a particular word, even though they are certain that it is in their vocabulary

36
Q

Can forgetting be undone with hypnosis?

A

No

37
Q

Why might it appear that forgetting can be undone with hypnosis?

A

Participants give more detailed reports to comply with the hypnotist’s instructions, not because they actually remember more

38
Q

Which procedure is successful at producing more complete recollection without compromising accuracy?

A

Cognitive interviews

39
Q

What are two reasons why cognitive interviews might be so successful?

A
  • They involve an effort toward context reinstatement
  • They offer various retrieval cues in hopes of finding one that triggers the target memory
40
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

The aspect of memory that records the episodes and events in a person’s life

41
Q

Which is better remembered, information that is self-relevant or information that is not self-relevant?

A

Information that is self-relevant

42
Q

What is the pattern known as the reminiscence bump?

A

Autobiographical memory is most clear and detailed about events that occurred during late adolescent and early adulthood

43
Q

Do autobiographical memories involve both genuine recall and schema-based reconstruction?

A

Yes

44
Q

T or F: Schematic knowledge a person holds about themselves can create a bias in how they remember the past.

A

True

45
Q

What happens if memory consolidation is interrupted?

A

No memory will be established and later recall will be impossible

46
Q

T or F: Sleep has no impact on memory consolidation.

A

False. Adequate sleep can help promote memory consolidation.

47
Q

T or F: Emotion enhances memory consolidation

A

True

48
Q

How does emotion influence what is remembered about an event?

A

Emotion narrows attention so the focus is on specific aspects of the scene and those aspects are what is likely to be remembered

49
Q

How does rehearsal differ for emotion events vs non-emotional events?

A

Due to their nature, emotional events enable more active memory rehearsal

50
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

A memory of extraordinary clarity, typically for a highly emotional event, that is retained over many years

51
Q

Emotional events trigger a response in the ___________, which increases activity in the ___________ (crucial for establishing memories).

A

Amygdala, hippocampus

52
Q

T or F: Due to their remarkable vividness, flashbulb memories are rarely inaccurate.

A

False

53
Q

What is co-witness contamination?

A

When information from someone else about an event (true or false) is absorbed into another’s memory

54
Q

How does memory consolidation for traumatic events differ?

A

Consolidation is promoted by the conditions that accompany bodily arousal, including the extreme arousal typically present during a traumatic event

55
Q

What factors involved in a trauma can offset the memory-promoting effects of arousal?

A

Sleep deprivation, head injuries, substance abuse, stress

56
Q

T or F: Stress often causes a person to remember the broad outline of what happened during a traumatic event, but not the details

A

True

57
Q

What are three alternate theories to memory repression/recovered memories?

A
  • Memories that appeared to be lost from the outside may simply be the result of a person refusing to discuss them
  • The pattern of “recovering” a memory can potentially be explained by retrieval failure before a relevant cue is presented
  • “Recovered” memories may be caused by memory errors emerging when thinking about the past

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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