Psychopathology Flashcards
(68 cards)
What are the three different types of depression and explain
Major depression- feelings of sadness, loss, anger or frustration interfere with daily for weeks or longer
Dysthymic depression- bad state of mind, less severe then major depression but the same symptoms
Bipolar depression- serious shifts in mood, energy thinking and behaviour. High to low feelings for days, weeks or months
Outline one cognitive and one emotional characteristic of depression.
Cognitive- reduce concentration
Emotional- lack of motivation
How does the cognitive approach explain depression
Being caused by faulty or irrational thought processes.
What is Becks negative triad (cognitive approach)
Beck believed that people will depression think consistency negatively about themself, the world and the future.
He suggests that this was because during childhood negative self schema develop as a result of authority figures and parents placing unreal demands and being highly critical. They are activated in situations that provide a negative framework for viewing events pessimistically.
In adulthood people will negative schemes share vulnerable to cognitive biases such as overgeneralisation where they make sweeping conclusions based on a single event, magnifying failures and focusing on one aspect of a situation ignoring all others, these cognitive biases. Am taking. The negative triad.
What was Elliis’s ABC model
Believed that it was the way in which people interpreted events that led to depression rather than the event itself.
ABC outlined the outline the process
A - activating event
B _ belief of explanation of why it occurred
C - consequence - the feeling the behaviour now causes.
Therefore rational beliefs lead to rational emotions and behaviours whereas irrational beliefs lead to irrational emotion and behaviours. The individual blames the external event for the unhappiness being experienced and fails to realise that it’s their perception that causes their response.
How can the negative triad by beck be supported by bates
Bates found that depressed participants who were given negative automatic thought statements become more and more depressed supporting the view that negative thinking leads to depression.
How do Mclntosh and Fischer criticise the cognitive triad by beck
They tested it and found no clear separation of negative thoughts into the three distinct type proposed. Instead they found a single one dimensional negative perception of the self.
How are Becks and Ellis models helpful for depression
They have both been applied to the development of treatment such as CBT, CBT is the most widely used form of psychotherapy and had been found as the best treatment for depression especially when used in conjunction to drug treatments.
What are issues with the cognitive approach to treating depression
It is sometimes accused of blaming the client for there problems. This could result in people being less sympathetic towards them and may impede ( slow down) their recovery as it could fuel their negative schemas.
This is problematic as it ignores any environmental factors that may have contributed to depression such as a dysfunctional relationship. This means they will be overlooked and the focus will be changing the way the client thinks meaning the client doesn’t get the support they need and recovery will be limited.
What is an alternative explanation for depression
Biological approach suggests that depression is caused by genes and neurotransmitters for example serotonin is found to be low in people with depression and a gene related to this is ten times more common in people with depression. This alternative explanation is also supported by the fact that drugs which raise serotonin levels are an effective treatment for depression.
What is CBT
Cognitive behavioural therapy
- umbrella term for a number of different therapies that aim to alter the faulty and irrational thoughts of clients to help them engage in more adaptive behaviours.
What is rational emotive behaviour therapy
(REBT)
By Ellis
Aims to turn irrational thoughts into ration ones and help resolve emotional and behavioural problems
How is ABCDEF used in cognitive therapy
Clients are taught to become aware if the irrational nature of their beliefs and to notice the consequences of their beliefs.
The ABC MODEL is used to record their irrational beliefs and reframing is used which involved reinterpreting the activating event in a more rational way. This helps the client recognise that their thoughts have on emotions and behaviour.
ABC model is extended to the DEF
D- disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs
E- effects of disputing and having an effective attitude on life
F - feeling that are produced.
How hare irrational thoughts challenged in CBT
What are the different types
Disputing
Logical disputing - showing that the belief does not follow logically from the information available
Empirical disputing- using evidence of reality to challenge beliefs
Pragmatic disputing- emphasising the lack of usefulness of self defeating beliefs
What are clients set from CBT sessions and why
Homework- often involves asking them to perform a behaviour that will test their irrational beliefs against reality. These hypothesis testing tasks are only set if the therapist is confident the client Dan achieve them otherwise failure would reinforce their negative beliefs.
What is behaviour activation
Another aspect of CBT- this involves encouraging the client to become more active and engage in activities that they used to find pleasurable. The cognitive barriers that prevent them participating in these activities are challenged. This should serve to increase the amount of positive reinforcement the client receives and assist in them replacing their irrational thoughts with more positive ones.
Who may CBT be inappropriate for
People with learning difficulties
Children - as techniques used challenge their own irrational thoughts
People with severe depression- people with suicidal thoughts need a more fast acting process.
Despite CBT what is another treatment for depression
Anti-depressant drugs- these work by raising the levels of serotonin in the brain. They are significantly more effective than CBT only by a little but drugs have a higher relapse rates than CBT. Therefore overall CBT may be more effective.
Why might some people prefer drugs to receiving CBT
As taking drugs is quicker and not as the consuming
How can the effectiveness of CBT be evaluated
David et Al- student 170 patients who suffered major depression and found that patients treated with 14 weeks of CBT had better outcomes can those treated with drug fluoxetine 6 months after treatment.
Suggesting how CBT may be more effective as it has a more long lasting effect as it teaches clients how to deal with social situations.
It could be said that it depends how good the therapist is to how good your outcome is. Kuyken and tsivikos found a 15% variation depending on the therapist.
Why may Internet types of CBT be preferred compared to face to face
Cheaper, adaptable, allows patients to open up more not as challenging for the patient.
Why might CBT not be suitable for everyone
CBT is less suitable for people who have high levels of irrational beliefs that are rigid as resistant to change.
It’s also not suitable in situations where high levels of stress reflect realistic stressors in the personals life that the therapy cannot resolve
How does deviating from social Norms explain abnormality
If they were to violate social norms. Social norms - acceptable and expected within a given society. Shared by members of society. They can be explicit and breaking them could mean breaking the law. Behaviour that deviates from so ail norms is likely to be incomprehensible to others and make them feel threatened.
What are 4 different explanations for abnormality
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
Statistical infrequency
Deviation from ideal mental health