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PHARM 204 (Final) > Pulmonary > Flashcards

Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cellular Respiration)

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2
Q

External Respiration

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

Exchange of O2 and CO2
(Between Lungs and Blood)

Transportation in blood
(Between Lungs and Tissue)

Exchange of O2 and CO2
(Between Blood and Body Tissues)

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3
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation (Inspiration vs Expiration)

A

Inspiration: Air into Lungs
Expiration: Lungs into Air

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4
Q

Relationship between external and internal respiration

A

1) Air moves between the atmosphere and lungs
2) O2 and CO2 are exchanged between atmosphere and lungs
3) O2 and CO2 are transported in blood and exchanged with tissues
4) O2 and CO2 are exchanged between systemic tissues and blood
5) O2 is used to make ATP and produces CO2

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5
Q

What does Upper Respiratory Consist of

A

Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx

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6
Q

What does Lower Respiratory Consist of

A

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Bronchioles, Alveoli

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7
Q

Function of Respiratory System

A

Gas Exchange
Moves Air to and from Lungs
Helps to regulate blood volume/pressure, and body fluid pH

Mucous:
Protects against dehydration/invading
pathogens
Larynx:
Produces sound for communication

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8
Q

Respiratory Epithelium is made up of what?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells

Stratified Squamous Cells

Mucus-Producing Cells

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9
Q

What respiratory epithelium structures are not made up of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells?

A

Pharynx, Smaller Bronchi, Alveoli

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10
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells (Function)

A

Mucociliary Escalator

Cilia moves mucus in an upward manner to pharynx, allows debris to be coughed out or swallowed

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11
Q

Stratified Squamous Cells are found in what structure? What is their structure?

A

Pharynx

Nonkeratinized, does not contain keratin
However, it is more thicker than the epithelium

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12
Q

Stratified Squamous Cells (Function)

A

Provides protection against abrasion

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13
Q

Mucus-Producing Cells are found in what structure?

A

Nasal Cavity

Lower Respiratory Tract

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14
Q

Mucus-Producing Cells (Function)

A

Provides mucus so inhaled debris is caught and will not enter the lungs

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15
Q

Function of Vibrissae in Respiratory Defense System

A

Hairs in the nose block inhaled debris

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16
Q

Function of Mucus and Sneezing in Respiratory Defense System

A

Nasal Cavity produces mucus which traps inhaled debris

Sneezing removes this debris

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17
Q

Function of Respiratory Epithelium in Respiratory Defense System

A

Mucus of respiratory epithelium will trap inhaled debris

Coughing will remove this debris
Mucociliary escalator moves debris upward toward pharynx

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18
Q

Pathway of Air

A

Airs flow in and around the nasal conchae

Air swirls around the conchae
Debris gets stuck in mucus
Air warms and humidifies before entering the trachea

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19
Q

Where does Air enter the respiratory system

A

Enters the Internal Nares
Enters the Nasopharynx Area

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20
Q

What is the Pharnyx

A

Passageway that connects the nose to the mouth to the throat

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21
Q

Nasopharynx (Where)

A

Back of the nose area
Contains pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

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22
Q

Oropharynx (Where)

A

Back of the mouth area
Consists of pharyngeal arch and uvula

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23
Q

Laryngopharynx (Where)

A

The area that is the entrance to the trachea and esophagus

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24
Q

Epiglottis

A

Cartilage of the Larynx (Elastic Cartilage)

Closes over the glottis during swallowing of food. Separates respiratory tract from digestive tract

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25
Q

Laryngeal Ligaments (Function)

A

Air passes through the glottis and vibrates the elastic vocal folds and creates sound

26
Q

Laryngeal Ligaments (What affects their function)

A

Pitch depends on diameter, length, and tension in vocal cords

Ex. Children have short and slender vocal cords resulting in a higher pitch sound

27
Q

Trachea (Lining Consists of)

A

Consists of:
Mucosa/Mucous Membrane
Respiratory Epithelia
Lamina Propria
Submucosa

28
Q

Trachealis Muscle (Location)

A

Posterior Side of the Cartilage Ring

29
Q

Trachealis Muscle (Absence of Cartilage)

A

No cartilage on the posterior side of the cartilage ring which allows for the expansion of the esophagus during swallowing, can expand a lot without impacting breathing

30
Q

Cartilaginous Rings (Shape and Function)

A

C-Shaped and connected by ligaments

Keeps airways open

Posterior side is missing cartilage and instead has Trachealis Muscle

31
Q

Trachealis Muscle (Function)

A

Allows for constriction and dilation of the trachea.

Controlled by ANS

32
Q

Where does the Trachea Branch

A

Branches at the Carina forming the left and right main bronchi (Not perfectly symmetrical)

33
Q

Right vs Left Main Primary Bronchus

A

Right Main Primary Bronchus is steeper and larger in diameter than the left

Easier to aspirate foreign objects into the right lung easier than the left lung

34
Q

Hilum

A

Point of entrance and exit of pulmonary blood vessels

Each main bronchus enters at the hilum

35
Q

Root

A

Combination of bronchus, artery, vein

36
Q

Structure of the Lung (Superior vs Inferior)

A

Apex = Superior
Base = Inferior

37
Q

What lobes does the right lung have

A

Superior Lobe
Middle Lobe
Inferior Lobe

38
Q

What fissures does the right lung have

A

Horizontal Fissure
Oblique Fissure

39
Q

What lobes does the left lung have

A

Superior Lobe
Inferior Lobe

40
Q

What fissures does the right lung have

A

Oblique Fissure

41
Q

Which lung contains a cardiac notch

A

Left Lung contains a Cardiac Notch

42
Q

Describe the branches of the bronchi

A
  • Starts at Main Bronchus
  • Each divides to form Lobar Bronchi
  • Lobar Bronchi branch to form Segmental Bronchi
  • Each Segmental Bronchus goes to a specific lung area called Bronchopulmonary
43
Q

Which branches of the bronchi have support? What is this structure called?

A

Lobar Bronchi and Segmental Bronchi have hyaline cartilage plates which provide support

44
Q

Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchus
Tertiary Bronchus

A

Primary = Main Bronchus
Secondary = Lobar Bronchi
Tertiary = Segmental

Segmental heads to bronchopulmonary segment

45
Q

What happens when bronchi branch more

A

As they branch more bronchi start to get smaller and smaller

Cartilage rings are lost and become Cartilage plates, eventually there is no cartilage at the bronchioles

46
Q

How do Drugs affect Bronchioles

A

Drug like Salbutamol affect the smooth muscles of the Bronchiole causing constriction and relaxation

47
Q

What are the branches of the Right Main Bronchus

A

Superior Lobar Bronchus
Middle Lobar Bronchus
Inferior Lobar Bronchus

48
Q

What are the branches of the Left Main Bronchus

A

Superior Lobar Bronchus
Inferior Lobar Bronchus

49
Q

What do Segmental Bronchi branches into

A

Branches and gives rise to many bronchioles

50
Q

What do bronchioles branch into

A

Branches into terminal bronchioles

51
Q

Terminal Bronchioles (Structure)

A

Very small
Do not require cartilage plates (Self-Supporting)
Contain Smooth Muscles for dilation/contraction

52
Q

Terminal Bronchioles (Smooth Muscle)

A

Bronchodilation (Sympathetic)
Bronchoconstriction (Parasympathetic)

53
Q

Terminal Bronchioles branches into

A

Branches into several respiratory bronchioles within a pulmonary lobule

54
Q

What are attached to Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Respiratory Bronchioles attached to alveolar ducts

55
Q

What are at the ends of Alveolar Ducts

A

Alveolar Sacs

56
Q

Alveoli Branching Summary

A

Main Bronchi –> Lobar Bronchi –> Segmental Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Terminal Bronchioles –> Respiratory Bronchioles –> Attached to Alveolar Ducts
–> At the ends are Alveolar Sacs

57
Q

Alveolus Function

A

Site of Gas Exchange
Capillaries drop off CO2 and pick up O2

58
Q

What surrounds Alveolus

A

Elastic Tissues that help maintain the shape of each alveolus during inhalation and exhalation

59
Q

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

A

Single Layer Squamous Cells that face the air

Forms the epithelial half of the blood air barrier

60
Q

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

A

Scattered among the type 1 alveolar cells

Secretes Surfactant (mainly phospholipids, proteins)
Prevents Alveolar Collapse

61
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

Immune Cells of the Alveoli
Wander around phagocytizing particulate matter

62
Q

The Three Layers of the Blood Air Barrier

A

1) Alveolar Cell Layer (Outer)
2) Fused Basement Membrane (Middle)
3) Capillary Endothelial Layer (Inner)

Site of Gas Exchange

PHARM 204 (Final) (14 decks)

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