Pulmonary

Question 1

Internal Respiration

Answer 1

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cellular Respiration)

Question 2

External Respiration

Answer 2

Pulmonary Ventilation

Exchange of O2 and CO2
(Between Lungs and Blood)

Transportation in blood
(Between Lungs and Tissue)

Exchange of O2 and CO2
(Between Blood and Body Tissues)

Question 3

Pulmonary Ventilation (Inspiration vs Expiration)

Answer 3

Inspiration: Air into Lungs
Expiration: Lungs into Air

Question 4

Relationship between external and internal respiration

Answer 4

1) Air moves between the atmosphere and lungs
2) O2 and CO2 are exchanged between atmosphere and lungs
3) O2 and CO2 are transported in blood and exchanged with tissues
4) O2 and CO2 are exchanged between systemic tissues and blood
5) O2 is used to make ATP and produces CO2

Question 5

What does Upper Respiratory Consist of

Answer 5

Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx

Question 6

What does Lower Respiratory Consist of

Answer 6

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Bronchioles, Alveoli

Question 7

Function of Respiratory System

Answer 7

Gas Exchange
Moves Air to and from Lungs
Helps to regulate blood volume/pressure, and body fluid pH

Mucous:
Protects against dehydration/invading
pathogens
Larynx:
Produces sound for communication

Question 8

Respiratory Epithelium is made up of what?

Answer 8

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells

Stratified Squamous Cells

Mucus-Producing Cells

Question 9

What respiratory epithelium structures are not made up of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells?

Answer 9

Pharynx, Smaller Bronchi, Alveoli

Question 10

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Cells (Function)

Answer 10

Mucociliary Escalator

Cilia moves mucus in an upward manner to pharynx, allows debris to be coughed out or swallowed

Question 11

Stratified Squamous Cells are found in what structure? What is their structure?

Answer 11

Pharynx

Nonkeratinized, does not contain keratin
However, it is more thicker than the epithelium

Question 12

Stratified Squamous Cells (Function)

Answer 12

Provides protection against abrasion

Question 13

Mucus-Producing Cells are found in what structure?

Answer 13

Nasal Cavity

Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 14

Mucus-Producing Cells (Function)

Answer 14

Provides mucus so inhaled debris is caught and will not enter the lungs

Question 15

Function of Vibrissae in Respiratory Defense System

Answer 15

Hairs in the nose block inhaled debris

Question 16

Function of Mucus and Sneezing in Respiratory Defense System

Answer 16

Nasal Cavity produces mucus which traps inhaled debris

Sneezing removes this debris

Question 17

Function of Respiratory Epithelium in Respiratory Defense System

Answer 17

Mucus of respiratory epithelium will trap inhaled debris

Coughing will remove this debris
Mucociliary escalator moves debris upward toward pharynx

Question 18

Pathway of Air

Answer 18

Airs flow in and around the nasal conchae

Air swirls around the conchae
Debris gets stuck in mucus
Air warms and humidifies before entering the trachea

Question 19

Where does Air enter the respiratory system

Answer 19

Enters the Internal Nares
Enters the Nasopharynx Area

Question 20

What is the Pharnyx

Answer 20

Passageway that connects the nose to the mouth to the throat

Question 21

Nasopharynx (Where)

Answer 21

Back of the nose area
Contains pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

Question 22

Oropharynx (Where)

Answer 22

Back of the mouth area
Consists of pharyngeal arch and uvula

Question 23

Laryngopharynx (Where)

Answer 23

The area that is the entrance to the trachea and esophagus

Question 24

Epiglottis

Answer 24

Cartilage of the Larynx (Elastic Cartilage)

Closes over the glottis during swallowing of food. Separates respiratory tract from digestive tract

Question 25

Laryngeal Ligaments (Function)

Answer 25

Air passes through the glottis and vibrates the elastic vocal folds and creates sound

Question 26

Laryngeal Ligaments (What affects their function)

Answer 26

Pitch depends on diameter, length, and tension in vocal cords Ex. Children have short and slender vocal cords resulting in a higher pitch sound

Question 27

Trachea (Lining Consists of)

Answer 27

Consists of: Mucosa/Mucous Membrane Respiratory Epithelia Lamina Propria Submucosa

Question 28

Trachealis Muscle (Location)

Answer 28

Posterior Side of the Cartilage Ring

Question 29

Trachealis Muscle (Absence of Cartilage)

Answer 29

No cartilage on the posterior side of the cartilage ring which allows for the expansion of the esophagus during swallowing, can expand a lot without impacting breathing

Question 30

Cartilaginous Rings (Shape and Function)

Answer 30

C-Shaped and connected by ligaments Keeps airways open Posterior side is missing cartilage and instead has Trachealis Muscle

Question 31

Trachealis Muscle (Function)

Answer 31

Allows for constriction and dilation of the trachea. Controlled by ANS

Question 32

Where does the Trachea Branch

Answer 32

Branches at the Carina forming the left and right main bronchi (Not perfectly symmetrical)

Question 33

Right vs Left Main Primary Bronchus

Answer 33

Right Main Primary Bronchus is steeper and larger in diameter than the left Easier to aspirate foreign objects into the right lung easier than the left lung

Question 34

Hilum

Answer 34

Point of entrance and exit of pulmonary blood vessels Each main bronchus enters at the hilum

Question 35

Root

Answer 35

Combination of bronchus, artery, vein

Question 36

Structure of the Lung (Superior vs Inferior)

Answer 36

Apex = Superior Base = Inferior

Question 37

What lobes does the right lung have

Answer 37

Superior Lobe Middle Lobe Inferior Lobe

Question 38

What fissures does the right lung have

Answer 38

Horizontal Fissure Oblique Fissure

Question 39

What lobes does the left lung have

Answer 39

Superior Lobe Inferior Lobe

Question 40

What fissures does the right lung have

Answer 40

Oblique Fissure

Question 41

Which lung contains a cardiac notch

Answer 41

Left Lung contains a Cardiac Notch

Question 42

Describe the branches of the bronchi

Answer 42

- Starts at Main Bronchus - Each divides to form Lobar Bronchi - Lobar Bronchi branch to form Segmental Bronchi - Each Segmental Bronchus goes to a specific lung area called Bronchopulmonary

Question 43

Which branches of the bronchi have support? What is this structure called?

Answer 43

Lobar Bronchi and Segmental Bronchi have hyaline cartilage plates which provide support

Question 44

Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchus Tertiary Bronchus

Answer 44

Primary = Main Bronchus Secondary = Lobar Bronchi Tertiary = Segmental Segmental heads to bronchopulmonary segment

Question 45

What happens when bronchi branch more

Answer 45

As they branch more bronchi start to get smaller and smaller Cartilage rings are lost and become Cartilage plates, eventually there is no cartilage at the bronchioles

Question 46

How do Drugs affect Bronchioles

Answer 46

Drug like Salbutamol affect the smooth muscles of the Bronchiole causing constriction and relaxation

Question 47

What are the branches of the Right Main Bronchus

Answer 47

Superior Lobar Bronchus Middle Lobar Bronchus Inferior Lobar Bronchus

Question 48

What are the branches of the Left Main Bronchus

Answer 48

Superior Lobar Bronchus Inferior Lobar Bronchus

Question 49

What do Segmental Bronchi branches into

Answer 49

Branches and gives rise to many bronchioles

Question 50

What do bronchioles branch into

Answer 50

Branches into terminal bronchioles

Question 51

Terminal Bronchioles (Structure)

Answer 51

Very small Do not require cartilage plates (Self-Supporting) Contain Smooth Muscles for dilation/contraction

Question 52

Terminal Bronchioles (Smooth Muscle)

Answer 52

Bronchodilation (Sympathetic) Bronchoconstriction (Parasympathetic)

Question 53

Terminal Bronchioles branches into

Answer 53

Branches into several respiratory bronchioles within a pulmonary lobule

Question 54

What are attached to Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 54

Respiratory Bronchioles attached to alveolar ducts

Question 55

What are at the ends of Alveolar Ducts

Answer 55

Alveolar Sacs

Question 56

Alveoli Branching Summary

Answer 56

Main Bronchi --> Lobar Bronchi --> Segmental Bronchi --> Bronchioles --> Terminal Bronchioles --> Respiratory Bronchioles --> Attached to Alveolar Ducts --> At the ends are Alveolar Sacs

Question 57

Alveolus Function

Answer 57

Site of Gas Exchange Capillaries drop off CO2 and pick up O2

Question 58

What surrounds Alveolus

Answer 58

Elastic Tissues that help maintain the shape of each alveolus during inhalation and exhalation

Question 59

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

Answer 59

Single Layer Squamous Cells that face the air Forms the epithelial half of the blood air barrier

Question 60

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

Answer 60

Scattered among the type 1 alveolar cells Secretes Surfactant (mainly phospholipids, proteins) Prevents Alveolar Collapse

Question 61

Alveolar Macrophages

Answer 61

Immune Cells of the Alveoli Wander around phagocytizing particulate matter

Question 62

The Three Layers of the Blood Air Barrier

Answer 62

1) Alveolar Cell Layer (Outer) 2) Fused Basement Membrane (Middle) 3) Capillary Endothelial Layer (Inner) Site of Gas Exchange