Q1 Exam 1

Question 1

what does a differential cyanosis in puppies signify

Answer 1

reverse PDA

Question 2

pulse pressure

Answer 2

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 3

2 causes of pulse deficits

Answer 3

a fib and PVCs

Question 4

pulsus paradoxus

Answer 4

reduced pulse pressure during inspiration (normal) but can be exaggerated with cardiac tamponade

Question 5

murmur grading scale

Answer 5

1- less than normal heart sounds
2- heart sounds louder still, but clearly there
3- radiates to both sides of chest
4- no normal heart sounds heard
5- palpable thrill
6- heard off of chest

Question 6

AV valve murmurs

Answer 6

heard at apex, plateau-shaped systolic (also DCM)

Question 7

semilunar valve murmurs

Answer 7

ejection murmur at heart base (VSD and HCM also)

Question 8

diastolic murmurs

Answer 8

PDA, semilunar regurg, mitral stenosis

Question 9

in canine cardiac disease, when is there respiratory effort?

Answer 9

inspiration

Question 10

what can a long or tall p-wave signify on ECG

Answer 10

long = LAE
tall = RAE

Question 11

normal QRS duration

Answer 11

dog = 0.06s
cat = 0.04s

Question 12

supraventricular

Answer 12

originates above the bundle of his

Question 13

wandering pacemaker

Answer 13

p-wave gets taller during faster heart rates (vagal)

Question 14

sinus bradycardia

Answer 14

parasympathetic, give atropine

Question 15

sick sinus syndrome

Answer 15

fast heart rates then nothing, causes syncope in mini schnauzer, needs pacemaker

Question 16

causes of atrial standstill

Answer 16

hyperkalemia, atrial myopathy, artifact

Question 17

first degree AV block

Answer 17

prolonged PR (no dropped beats)

Question 18

second degree AV block type I

Answer 18

PR prolongs and then dropped beat, tx atropine challenge

Question 19

second degree AV block type II

Answer 19

PR constant, atropine challenge

Question 20

third degree AV block

Answer 20

complete dissociation, needs pacemaker

Question 21

APCs

Answer 21

LAE maybe, non-compensatory pause (HR finds new rhythm)

Question 22

a fib

Answer 22

fast irregular rhythm with narrow QRS, no p waves

Question 23

VPCs

Answer 23

premature wide QRS with compensatory pause, tx holter

Question 24

wide complexes origin (left or right)

Answer 24

positive = right
negative = left

Question 25

accelerated idioventricular rhythm

Answer 25

AV dissociation (consecutive VPCs) while HR under 160

Question 26

ventricular tachycardia

Answer 26

wide QRS with complete AV dissociation, HR more than 160, hemodynamically unstable! convert with lidocaine

Question 27

v fib

Answer 27

crazy rhythm, needs defibrillation

Question 28

abnormal VHS

Answer 28

dog 10.2 cat 7.8

Question 29

VLAS

Answer 29

more than 2.3 LAE and more than 3 needs vetmedin

Question 30

heart failure stages

Answer 30

A- predisposed B1- murmur, only LV dilation OR LAE, slightly enlarged heart B2- murmur, enlarged heart tx with pimobendan if murmur >3/6 C- congestive heart failure tx pimobendan, ACE-i and furosemide

Question 31

what can confound a BNP test

Answer 31

cleared through kidneys, CKD

Question 32

what drug is an inodilator

Answer 32

pimobendan (increases cAMP and intracellular calcium)

Question 33

which ACE inhibitor is almost all cleared through kidneys

Answer 33

enalapril

Question 34

restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats

Answer 34

atrial enlargement but normal ventricles

Question 35

ARVC in cats

Answer 35

RV and/or RA dilation due to fibrofatty replacement of myocardium, causes arrhythmias (tricuspid regurg common)

Question 36

secondary causes of LV hypertrophy in cats

Answer 36

systemic hypertension (CKD) and hyperthyroid

Question 37

tx for thromboembolism in cats

Answer 37

clopidogrel (LAE)

Question 38

reverse PDA

Answer 38

no murmur, differential cyanosis, high HCT, right sided CHF poor prognosis

Question 39

aberrant coronary

Answer 39

English bulldogs causes pulmonary stenosis

Question 40

chronotropy

Answer 40

heart rate

Question 41

lusitropy

Answer 41

myocardial relaxation

Question 42

dromotropy

Answer 42

conduction speed

Question 43

bathmotropy

Answer 43

degree of excitability

Question 44

what does the endothelial glcyocalyx affect in the fluid movement model

Answer 44

oncotic pressure

Question 45

examples of distributive shock (3)

Answer 45

sepsis, anaphylaxis, and excessive catecholamines

Question 46

examples of obstructive shock (4)

Answer 46

GDV, obstruction of vena cava, tension pneumo, and pericardial tamponade

Question 47

what percent of dehydration causes hemodynamic changes?

Answer 47

10-12%

Question 48

shock index

Answer 48

HR/SBP, should be less than 0.9

Question 49

what signifies decompensatory shock

Answer 49

poor pulses, pale membranes, drop in BP

Question 50

what type of shock are vasopressors particularly useful

Answer 50

distributive

Question 51

1/4 shock dose fluid bolus

Answer 51

10-20 ml/kg over15 to 30 minutes

Question 52

ROSE

Answer 52

resuscitation, optimization, stabilization, evacuation

Question 53

fresh frozen plasma

Answer 53

natural colloid

Question 54

hypotensive resuscitation

Answer 54

temporary endpoint of lower than normal SBP

Question 55

acepro

Answer 55

blocks a1, vasodilation, antiarrhythmic effect

Question 56

benzos

Answer 56

affects CNS not CV

Question 57

a2-agonists

Answer 57

depresses CV, increases SVR

Question 58

opioids

Answer 58

minimal effects on CV, dose dependent increase in HR

Question 59

DOC for induction of cardio patients

Answer 59

etomidate (zero CV effects) but adrenal supression

Question 60

alfaxalone

Answer 60

short period of apnea, transient decrease in arterial BP

Question 61

ketamine

Answer 61

indirect CV stimulant bc sympathetic tone high (not in HCM or mitral regurg, but YES in DCM and cardiogenic shock)