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SAMS > Q1 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Q1 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does a differential cyanosis in puppies signify

A

reverse PDA

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2
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

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3
Q

2 causes of pulse deficits

A

a fib and PVCs

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4
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

reduced pulse pressure during inspiration (normal) but can be exaggerated with cardiac tamponade

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5
Q

murmur grading scale

A

1- less than normal heart sounds
2- heart sounds louder still, but clearly there
3- radiates to both sides of chest
4- no normal heart sounds heard
5- palpable thrill
6- heard off of chest

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6
Q

AV valve murmurs

A

heard at apex, plateau-shaped systolic (also DCM)

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7
Q

semilunar valve murmurs

A

ejection murmur at heart base (VSD and HCM also)

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8
Q

diastolic murmurs

A

PDA, semilunar regurg, mitral stenosis

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9
Q

in canine cardiac disease, when is there respiratory effort?

A

inspiration

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10
Q

what can a long or tall p-wave signify on ECG

A

long = LAE
tall = RAE

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11
Q

normal QRS duration

A

dog = 0.06s
cat = 0.04s

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12
Q

supraventricular

A

originates above the bundle of his

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13
Q

wandering pacemaker

A

p-wave gets taller during faster heart rates (vagal)

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14
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

parasympathetic, give atropine

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15
Q

sick sinus syndrome

A

fast heart rates then nothing, causes syncope in mini schnauzer, needs pacemaker

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16
Q

causes of atrial standstill

A

hyperkalemia, atrial myopathy, artifact

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17
Q

first degree AV block

A

prolonged PR (no dropped beats)

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18
Q

second degree AV block type I

A

PR prolongs and then dropped beat, tx atropine challenge

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19
Q

second degree AV block type II

A

PR constant, atropine challenge

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20
Q

third degree AV block

A

complete dissociation, needs pacemaker

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21
Q

APCs

A

LAE maybe, non-compensatory pause (HR finds new rhythm)

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22
Q

a fib

A

fast irregular rhythm with narrow QRS, no p waves

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23
Q

VPCs

A

premature wide QRS with compensatory pause, tx holter

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24
Q

wide complexes origin (left or right)

A

positive = right
negative = left

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25
Q

accelerated idioventricular rhythm

A

AV dissociation (consecutive VPCs) while HR under 160

26
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

wide QRS with complete AV dissociation, HR more than 160, hemodynamically unstable! convert with lidocaine

27
Q

v fib

A

crazy rhythm, needs defibrillation

28
Q

abnormal VHS

A

dog 10.2
cat 7.8

29
Q

VLAS

A

more than 2.3 LAE and more than 3 needs vetmedin

30
Q

heart failure stages

A

A- predisposed
B1- murmur, only LV dilation OR LAE, slightly enlarged heart
B2- murmur, enlarged heart tx with pimobendan if murmur >3/6
C- congestive heart failure tx pimobendan, ACE-i and furosemide

31
Q

what can confound a BNP test

A

cleared through kidneys, CKD

32
Q

what drug is an inodilator

A

pimobendan (increases cAMP and intracellular calcium)

33
Q

which ACE inhibitor is almost all cleared through kidneys

A

enalapril

34
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats

A

atrial enlargement but normal ventricles

35
Q

ARVC in cats

A

RV and/or RA dilation due to fibrofatty replacement of myocardium, causes arrhythmias (tricuspid regurg common)

36
Q

secondary causes of LV hypertrophy in cats

A

systemic hypertension (CKD) and hyperthyroid

37
Q

tx for thromboembolism in cats

A

clopidogrel (LAE)

38
Q

reverse PDA

A

no murmur, differential cyanosis, high HCT, right sided CHF poor prognosis

39
Q

aberrant coronary

A

English bulldogs causes pulmonary stenosis

40
Q

chronotropy

A

heart rate

41
Q

lusitropy

A

myocardial relaxation

42
Q

dromotropy

A

conduction speed

43
Q

bathmotropy

A

degree of excitability

44
Q

what does the endothelial glcyocalyx affect in the fluid movement model

A

oncotic pressure

45
Q

examples of distributive shock (3)

A

sepsis, anaphylaxis, and excessive catecholamines

46
Q

examples of obstructive shock (4)

A

GDV, obstruction of vena cava, tension pneumo, and pericardial tamponade

47
Q

what percent of dehydration causes hemodynamic changes?

A

10-12%

48
Q

shock index

A

HR/SBP, should be less than 0.9

49
Q

what signifies decompensatory shock

A

poor pulses, pale membranes, drop in BP

50
Q

what type of shock are vasopressors particularly useful

A

distributive

51
Q

1/4 shock dose fluid bolus

A

10-20 ml/kg over15 to 30 minutes

52
Q

ROSE

A

resuscitation, optimization, stabilization, evacuation

53
Q

fresh frozen plasma

A

natural colloid

54
Q

hypotensive resuscitation

A

temporary endpoint of lower than normal SBP

55
Q

acepro

A

blocks a1, vasodilation, antiarrhythmic effect

56
Q

benzos

A

affects CNS not CV

57
Q

a2-agonists

A

depresses CV, increases SVR

58
Q

opioids

A

minimal effects on CV, dose dependent increase in HR

59
Q

DOC for induction of cardio patients

A

etomidate (zero CV effects) but adrenal supression

60
Q

alfaxalone

A

short period of apnea, transient decrease in arterial BP

61
Q

ketamine

A

indirect CV stimulant bc sympathetic tone high (not in HCM or mitral regurg, but YES in DCM and cardiogenic shock)

SAMS (3 decks)

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