Q1 - GenBio2 🌱 Flashcards

1
Q

Is a kind of asexual reproduction where a new individual, known as the offspring is produced from a single parent. The offspring result from asexual reproduction is genetically identical with its parent.

A

Vegetative Reproduction

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2
Q

Aside from buds, many economically important plants can be grown through the propagation of roots, stems, & even leaves. The kalanchoe, a medicinal plant, can reproduce through its leaves.

A

Vegetative Reproduction

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3
Q

Is another type of asexual reproduction. Yeast, hydra, & sponges reproduce this way.

A

Budding

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4
Q

Yeast, a microorganism used in baking reproduces by ________. In ________, a new individual may form as an outgrowth of the parent. The outgrowth separates from the parent & becomes a new individual.

A

Budding

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5
Q

Is another type of asexual reproduction common among molds. Have you seen a piece of bread with mold growing on it? The black, round structure at the tip of a stalk is called a spore case which contains the spores. When the spore case opens, the tiny spores are released & may be carried by wind or water. Once the spore lands on a favorable environment, it develops into a new organism.

A

Spore Formation

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6
Q

Involves two parents producing reproductive cells called gametes through meiosis. These gametes unite in a process called fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism. Different organisms, including microorganisms, plants & animals, have various method of sexual reproduction.

A

Sexual Reproduction

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7
Q

In ________ ________, two cells combine to form a zygote, which develops a thick protective wall to survive unfavorable conditions. While the rest of the mold or plant may die, the zygote can develop into a new organism when conditions improve.

A

Sexual Reproduction

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8
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The ____ is the reproduction organ in flowering plants. ________ & ________ in seed plants are two different & separate events.

A

Flower
Pollination & Fertilization

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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

________ brings together the gametes of a flower & it occurs when a pollen grain of the right kind lands on the stigma of the pistil. Each pollen forms a tube that grows down through the pistil & reaches the ovule in the ovary. One of the nuclei in the pollen tube unites with egg nucleus in the ovule to form a zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with another bigger nucleus in the ovule which develops into the endosperm.

A

Pollination

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10
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals

Humans (& all animals that reproduce sexually) have cells called ________.

A

gametes

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11
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Humans & Animals

________ are formed during meiosis & come in the form of sperm (produced by males) or eggs (produced by females). When conditions are right, sperm & egg unite in a process known as fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg or zygote, contains genes from both parents.

A

Gametes

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12
Q

Like animals, are multicellular eukaryotes with specialized organs, tissues, & cells.

A

Plants

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13
Q

Vascular Plants have two (2) main organ systems:

A

The Shoot System
The Root System

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14
Q

which includes stems, leaves, & reproductive parts like flowers & fruits, typically grows above ground & absorbs light for photosynthesis.

A

The Shoot System

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15
Q

Usually found underground, supports the plant & absorbs water & minerals.

A

The Root System

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16
Q

Are a key part of a plant’s shoot system, primarily providing support by holding leaves, flowers, & buds.

A

Stems

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17
Q

They also serve as conduits, transporting water & minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant & sugars from the leaves to other parts.

A

Stems

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18
Q

________ vary greatly in length & diameter & are usually above ground, though some, like potato stems, grow underground.

A

Stems

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19
Q

Stems come in various forms depending on the plant type (4):

A
  • Herbaceous stems (are soft & typically green)
  • Woody stems (are hard & wooded)
  • Unbranched stems (have a single stem)
  • Branched stems (have divisions & side stems)
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20
Q

________ ________, whether above or below ground, have nodes where leaves & flowers attach, & internodes, the regions between nodes. The shoot tip contains the apical meristem within the apical bud, & axillary buds, located between the leaf base & stem, can develop into branches or flowers.

A

Plant stems

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21
Q

Roots in seed plants have three main functions (3):

A
  • Anchoring the plant to the soil
  • Absorbing & transporting water & minerals; &
  • Storing products of photosynthesis
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22
Q

While most ________ are underground, some are modified for moisture absorption & gas exchange, & others, called ________ ________, emerge above ground from the shoot

A

roots
adventitious roots

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23
Q

Two (2) Types of Root Systems:

A

Tap Root System
Fibrous Root System

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24
Q

Types of Root Systems

Have a main root that grows down vertically, & from which many smaller lateral roots arise.

A

Tap Root System

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25
# **Types of Root Systems** It penetrate deep into the soil & are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils.
**Tap Root System**
26
Are typical of dicots such as dandelions.
**Tap Root System**
27
Are located closer to the surface & have a dense network of roots.
**Fibrous Root System**
28
Can help prevent soil erosion
**Fibrous Root System**
29
# **Types of Root Systems** Are typical of monocots such as grasses.
**Fibrous Root System**
30
*Plant Tissues are Categorized into Two (2) Main Types:*
* **Meristematic Tissue** * **Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue**
31
# **Types of Plant Tissues** Is similar to stem cells in animals, consisting of undifferentiated cells that **continuously divide** & contribute to plant growth.
**Meristematic Tissue**
32
# **Types of Plant Tissues** is made up of cells that have stopped dividing.
**Permanent Tissue / Non-meristematic Tissue**
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Produce cells that **quickly differentiate into permanent tissue,** taking on specific roles & losing the ability to divide further
**Meristems**
34
# **Meristems** *These differentiated cells from three (3) main tissue types:*
* **Dermal Tissue** * **Ground Tissue** * **Vascular Tissue**
35
In plants, it serves to **cover & protect the plant,** control gas exchange, & absorb water in the roots. In stems & leaves.
**Dermal Tissue**
36
In stems & leaves, ________ ________ is covered by a waxy cuticle that **prevents water loss,** with stomata allowing gas exchange. The **root epidermis** lacks this cuticle to enable water absorption, & root hairs extend from epidermal cells to increase surface area for better absorption. Additionally, **trichomes**, small hair-like outgrowths on stems & leaves, help defend the plant against herbivores.
**Dermal Tissue**
37
# **Meristems** In plants, it has various functions depending on cell type & location. It includes:
**Ground Tissue:** * **Parenchyma** * **Collenchyma** * **Sclerenchyma**
38
# **Meristems** In plants, it is responsible for transporting water, minerals, & sugars throughout the plant.
**Vascular Tissue**
39
*Vascular Tissue consists of two (2) specialized tissues:*
* **Xylem** * **Phloem**
40
# **Vascular Tissue** **Transports water & nutrients** from the roots to the rest of the plant & also **provides structural support.**
**Xylem**
41
**Transports organic compounds,** like sugars, from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
**Phloem**
42
# **Vascular Tissue** ________ & ________ are always positioned next to each other in a structure called a vascular bundle.
**Xylem & Phloem**
43
# **Animal Development** ________ is the stage following cleavage, where the embryo **undergoes significant reorganization** into a multilayered structure.
**Gastrulation**
44
# **Animal Development** During gastrulation, the ________ transforms into a ________.
**blastula** **gastrula**
45
# **Animal Development** These **cells will develop into organs** such as the heart, kidneys, bones, & muscles. They move into the blastula’s fluid
**Mesoderm Cells**
46
# **Animal Development** These cells will **form the gut, lungs, & other structures.** They begin as an **invagination** into the blastula, deepen , & eventually form a gut & anus
**Endoderm Cells**
47
# **Animal Development** The remaining cells stay on the outside & will later develop into the skin, brain, & nervous system.
**Ectoderm Cells**
48
Gastrulation is a form of ________, the process through which the **organism’s shape begins to take form.**
**Morphogenesis**
49
A cartilage rod that precedes the vertebral column, **sends chemical signals to the nearby ectoderm.** This activation triggers gene expression in the ectoderm, altering its growth pattern to form a neural plate. The neural plate deepens & folds at its ends, creating a neural tube. As development progresses, the tube enlarges at the head region to form the brain.
**Notochord**
50
Is the fundamental process driving the diversity of life on Earth. Through evolutionary mechanisms, species adapt to their environments, leading to the vast array of forms & functions observed in the natural world. This report explores the principles of evolution & the origins of biodiversity, detailing the processes that contribute to the richness of life on our planet.
**Evolution**
51
Is the primary mechanism of evolution, proposed by **Charles Darwin** & **Alfred Russell Wallace**.
**Natural Selection**
52
It operates through the differential survival & reproduction of individuals based on their traits.
**Natural Selection**
53
# Natural Selection Organisms with ________ ____ are more likely to survive & reproduce, passing these traits to the next generation. Over time, this process leads to adaptation to specific environments & can result in the emergence of new species.
**advantageous traits**
54
Within a population, is essential for natural selection. Variation arise through mutations, gene recommendation during sexual reproduction, & another genetic processes. This diversity provides the raw material for evolutionary change & allows populations to adapt to changing environments.
**Genetic Variation**
55
Refers to a random changes in allele frequencies within a population.
**Genetic Drift**
56
This mechanism is particularly significant in a small populations, where chance events can lead to substantial changes in genetic makeup.
**Genetic Drift**
57
____ ____can lead to the loss of genetic variation & affect evolutionary trajectories.
**Genetic Drift**
58
____ ____or the exchange between populations, can introduce new genetic material into a population. It occurs through migration & interbreeding & can counteract the effects of genetic drift & promote genetic diversity.
**Gene Flow**
59
Is the process by which new species arise. It often occurs through mechanisms such as geographic isolation (allopatric speciation), where population become separated & evolve independently or through reproductive isolation within a shared environment (sympatric speciation).
**Speciation**
60
________ results in the divergence of lineages & contributes to biodiversity.
**Speciation**