What are the two types of interference?
Constructive- result bigger than original
Destructive- result smaller than original
What are the 4 characteristics of waves?
Amplitude
Wavelength
Frequency
Interference
What is the photoelectric effect?
A light of a specific energy, when hitting metal, caused conduction of electricity.
Is light a wave or a particle?
No, duality of light means it behaves as both a wave and a particle.
What is shown by an H-line emission spectrum?
Each substance produced a unique pattern of colored bands.
Amount of energy has no effect
What was shown by the Bohr model?
Electrons orbiting a nucleus
What happens when an atom gives off light.
1) Energy put into an atom is absorbed by electrons.
2) these e- move to a specific higher orbit
3) the e- then drop back down and release this absorbed energy as light
What is said by the ladder analogy?
It takes a specific amount of energy for an e- to jump to a higher orbit. It either jumps or doesn’t jump
What is a quantum?
A specific amount of energy that can be lost or gained by electrons or other small particles
What are the four orbital types?
Letter and shape
s = sphere shape p = dumbbell shape d = two p's f = two d's
What are quantum numbers?
4 numbers that describe each e- in an atom in an atom
What are the four quantum numbers?
1) principal
2) orbital
3) magnetic
4) spin
What is the 1st quantum number?
Principal quantum number (n)
- represents the # of main energy levels
- found from rows on table
What is the second quantum number?
Orbital quantum number (l)
-Indicates orbital type
s=0 p=1. d=2 f=3
What is the 3rd quantum number?
Magnetic quantum number (ml)
- Describes 3D orientation in space
- works like a number line!!!
What is the 4th quantum number?
Spin quantum number (ms)
- describes spin (magnetic properties)
- up or down arrow is 1/2 or -1/2
What is Aufbau principle?
e- occupies lowest energy level it can.
1s before 2s
What is Hund’s rule?
Each orbital must hold one e- before another in that group can hold two.
(Three ups in p before a down)
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
No two e- can have the same spin number.
One up and one down
What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?
At no point do we know an e- speed or direction of travel
