Quarter 1 Week 2 [School-based]

Question 1

What fundamental parts does all cells have?

Answer 1

Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell Membrane

Question 2

Orgnanelles Main Jobs:

Answer 2

• Cell Structure Organelles
• Genetic Control Organelles
• Manufacturing, Storage, Distribution, and Breakdown Organelles
• Energy processing organelles
• Organelles for structural support and movement

Question 3

Under Cell Structures for Protection, what do we have?

Answer 3

Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm

Question 4

Function and Structure of Cell Membrane

Answer 4

Function:
- controls what enters or leaves the cell (e.g O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients or waste)
- recognizes signals from other cells (allows communication between cells)

[Cell membranes recognize signals from other cells through specific proteins embedded in the membrane called receptors. These receptors are designed to bind to specific signaling molecules, often referred to as ligands. The process works as follows:

1. Ligand Binding: A signaling molecule (like a hormone, neurotransmitter, or growth factor) is released by one cell and travels to another cell. It binds to a receptor on the target cell’s membrane.
2. Receptor Activation: Upon binding, the receptor undergoes a conformational change (a change in shape) that activates it.
3. Signal Transduction: The activated receptor initiates a cascade of intracellular signals. This often involves a series of proteins inside the cell that pass the signal along, amplifying it and ultimately leading to a specific cellular response.
4. Cellular Response: The final step is the cell’s response to the signal, which could be changes in gene expression, the opening or closing of ion channels, alterations in metabolic pathways, or other cellular activities.

Different types of receptors include:

• G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are involved in many physiological processes and respond to a variety of ligands.
• Tyrosine kinase receptors: These are often involved in growth factor signaling and play roles in cell growth and division.
• Ion channel receptors: These open or close in response to ligands, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell.
• Intracellular receptors: These are located inside the cell, and the ligand must enter the cell to bind to them. They typically regulate gene expression.

The specificity of receptors allows cells to respond appropriately to a wide range of signals from other cells, coordinating complex processes in multicellular organisms.

So in simple say, the structure of cell membrane is that it’s composed of a phospholipid bilayer with the phospholipids having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. The head of the phospholipid is hydrophilic because it’s composed of a phosphate group that is polar and interacts well with water, while the tail is hydrophobic because it’s composed of long fatty acid chains that are nonpolar and doesn’t interact favorably with water. And the arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane is that the hydrophilic heads were facing outwards or towards the aqueous solutions both in and out of the cell because inside the cell there is also an aqueous solution and that is the cytoplasm, while outside the cell we have what we call the extracellular matrix, and so the hydrophobic tails were facing inwards forming a hydrophobic core which prevents free passage of certain molecules, especially the water-soluble molecules, which contributes to the semi-permeability of cell membrane or the ability to allow certain molecules to pass through and block others out.

Question 5

What is the function and structure of Cell Wall

Answer 5

Function:
- Gives protection, rigid support, and shape to the cell
- In plants and algae, cell wall is composed of polysaccharide cellulose
- In fungi, cell wall is composed of chitin
- In bacteria, their cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan

Question 6

Function and Structure of Cytoplasm:

Answer 6

Function: Fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Holds the organelles in place

Composed of jelly-like material called cytosol which consists mainly of water

Question 7

controls what enters or leaves the cell

Answer 7

cell membrane

Question 8

often compared to a security guard of a school

Answer 8

cell membrane

Question 9

responsible for intercellular communication

Answer 9

cell membrane (through the help of embedded proteins in the membrane referred to as receptors)

Question 10

How can the cell membrane control what goes in and out of the cell

Answer 10

because of the composition of its phospholipid bilayer.

the phospholipid bilayer is semi-permeable or SELECTIVE because of its amphipathic nature (have both water-fearing and water-loving portions)

• the head is composed of a phosphate group which means it is polar and makes it water loving because it has the same polarity with water
• the tail is composed of lipids (long fatty acid chains) that is non-polar which makes it water-fearing

if both the phosphate and lipid layer are activated, ions pass through protein channels..and protein channels only activate in case of emergency or large amounts are immediately needed in a short amount of time.

• CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS serve as identification tags distinguishing other types of cells. If a cell cannot distinguish or communicate with another cell, it alerts the immune system and the immune system tries to eat the foreign cell. If it fails to do so, that’s when you get sick

Question 11

Cell Wall is not true to all cells because…

Answer 11

it is only present in immobile organisms.

immobile organisms do not have a choice but to adapt with the environment and find a way to protect themselves despite not being able to move

Question 12

Cell Wall of plants and Algae

Answer 12

polysaccharide cellulose

Question 13

cell wall of fungi

Answer 13

chitin

Question 14

cell wall of bacteria

Answer 14

peptidoglycan

Question 15

describe polysaccharide cellulose

Answer 15

edible but indigestible, meaning it can be eaten but the gastric acids inside our stomachs cannot break break it down

Question 16

they are actually moving but microscopically small that it doesn’t seem like their moving

Answer 16

bacteria

Question 17

only present in fungi that can be seen by the naked eye

Answer 17

chitin

Question 18

arrange the hardest to weakest cell wall

Answer 18

polysaccharide cellulose, peptidoglycan, chitin

Question 19

fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

formula for cytoplasm

Answer 20

cytosol + organelles

cytosol is the jelly-like fluid because of the consistency

is the consistency is like water, then it will make the other organelles sink at the bottom, when it’s jelly-like, it will hold the organelles in place

Question 21

brain of the cell

Answer 21

nucleus

Question 22

3 layers of boundary in nucleus

Answer 22

Nuclear Envelope - separates the inside of the cell from the cytoplasm and encloses the DNA

Nuclear Pores

Nucleolus

Question 23

Allow large molecules to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 23

nuclear pores

Question 24

build protein polymers from amino acids

Answer 24

RIbosome

-it connects the puzzle pieces of amino acids to produce proteins
-is responsible for protein synthesis

Question 25

process of combining amino acids to produce proteins

Answer 25

protein synthesis

Question 26

structure of ribosome

Answer 26

small and large subunits

Question 27

surrounds the nucleus

Answer 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Rough E.R Function

Answer 28

because there are ribosomes embedded in the surface of Rough E.R, it is responsible for the manufacture of proteins

Question 29

Function of Smooth E.R

Answer 29

it produces lipids/fats that becomes the lipid group of the cell membrane

Question 30

dense region where small organelles responsible for making protein assemble

Answer 30

nucleolus

Question 31

Who moves the lipid and protein made by the E.R?

Answer 31

Golgi Apparatus

Question 32

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 32

transports and modifies product from E.R it modifies them into parcels called "vesicles" which is comparable to a container secretory vesicle

Question 33

handle of the Golgi App. mouthpiece of Golgi App.

Answer 33

handle - lumen (responsible for the production of vesicles) mouthpiece - cisternae (responsible for the acceptance and secretion of vesicles)

Question 34

There is ____ in both plants and animals

Answer 34

Vacuole (but there is a big difference in their size

Question 35

main function of Vacuole

Answer 35

storage for water, food, molecules, organic ions, and enzymes

Question 36

compared to a refrigerator

Answer 36

Vacuole [when water, food, molecules, organic ions and enzymes are let in, and when they weren't in need yet, then they get stored into the vacuole/ if the amount of a substance let in is too large]

Question 37

organisms that do not eat other organisms, instead, they make their own food

Answer 37

autotrophic

Question 38

Vacuole of plants are bigger than animals because_____________

Answer 38

PLANTS are autotrophic, so,vacuole strengthens them. in case of days where the sun isn't rising, photosynthesis wouldn't be efficient for them photosynthesis also takes too much time

Question 39

Why is vacuole transparent?

Answer 39

According to sir's teacher, it's for the cell membrane to see and know what ingredients are lacking

Question 40

digest food within cells

Answer 40

lysosome [when vacuole released food, it was being digested by lysosome through the use of lysozyme]

Question 41

Lysosome is known as

Answer 41

Clean Up Crew and Suicide Bag

Question 42

What is the term for "Programmed Cell Death"

Answer 42

Apoptosis e.g when a cell received too much radiation, and if lysosome fails to do its job, that's when you get cancer...because of too much radiated cell

Question 43

It brings out everything that is not needed

Answer 43

lysosome [the clean up crew and suicide bag]

Question 44

energy currency of a cell

Answer 44

ATP [Adenosine Triphosphate] if there's an activity within the cell, it uses up ATP, and the process of using up ATP is called cellular respiration

Question 45

Structure of Mitochondria

Answer 45

Outer Membrane - smooth Inner Membrane - folded [each fold is called "cristae"]

Question 46

inside the inner membrane of mitochondria is what we call _________

Answer 46

mitochondrial matrix

Question 47

carry out photosynthesis

Answer 47

chloroplast

Question 48

convert solar energy to chemical energy

Answer 48

chloroplast [using water and carbon dioxide]

Question 49

those who have chloroplast are ________

Answer 49

photosynthetic organisms or autotrophic

Question 50

why chlorophyll is green?

Answer 50

it has something to do with the PHYSICS OF PIGMENT the color it reflects is the color it can't absorb

Question 51

structure of chloroplast

Answer 51

the two folds are smooth stroma is the liquid part thylakoid is the sacs in the membrane granum is a stack of thylakoid granum is where photosynthesis happens

Question 52

Cytoskeleton is known as the __________

Answer 52

muscular and skeletal system of the cell muscular system because it helps move organelles around the cell skeletal in a way that produces shape and structure of the cell

Question 53

Structure of Cytoskeleton

Answer 53

Microtubule - thickest, serves as anchorage for the membrane-bound organelles, the reason why other organelles are in place Intermediate Filament - ropelike in appearace, gives cell tensile strength and the ability to stretch without breaking apart Microfilament - thinnest - provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane (protects membrane-bound organelles like a plastic wrapped around them)

Question 54

Structure of Cytoskeleton

Answer 54

Microtubule - thickest, serves as anchorage for the membrane-bound organelles, the reason why other organelles are in place Intermediate Filament - ropelike in appearace, gives cell tensile strength and the ability to stretch without breaking apart Microfilament - thinnest - provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane (protects membrane-bound organelles like a plastic wrapped around them)