QUIZ 1

Question 1

anatomy vs physiology

Answer 1

A: structures

P: functions

Question 2

6 levels of organization

Answer 2

1. chemical (smallest)
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. system
6. organismal

Question 3

chemical level

unit, examples, fun fact

Answer 3

• atoms (smallest unit) combine to produce essential molecule
• Common: C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S
• Ex. of a molecule: DNA
• Not “alive” yet (physics aspect)

Question 4

cellular level

unit, fun fact

Answer 4

• combination of molecules forms cells (basic structural & functional units of life)
• “Alive” already

Question 5

tissue level

unit, 4 types

Answer 5

• combination of cells & surrounding material to perform a function

TYPES:
1. Epithelial ⇒ organ linings
2. Connective ⇒ cartilage, bones
3. Muscular ⇒ muscles
4. Nervous ⇒ conducts electrical impulses to receiving organs (causing it to act)

Question 6

organ level

unit, example

Answer 6

• composed of 2+ tissues that performs a specific function
• Ex. stomach = combo of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues

Question 7

system level

unit, fun fact

Answer 7

• groups of organs that perform a common function
• Organs can be involved in more than 1 system (ex. Pancreas ⇒ digestive + endocrine)

Question 8

organismal level

Answer 8

living individual

Question 9

4 approaches to anatomy

Answer 9

1. systemic
2. regional
3. surface
4. clinical

Question 10

systemic approach

Answer 10

how organ systems work together to carry out complex functions

Question 11

regional approach

aka, definition, examples

Answer 11

• Aka topographical anatomy
• organizes the body into major parts / segments
• Ex. major parts of the body
  —head
  —neck
  —thorax

Question 12

surface approach

definition, methods

Answer 12

• what lies under the skin + structures perceptible to touch (palpable) in the body (at rest & in action)

METHODS:
- observing external structures (ex. Physical examination)

• Palpation: via observation, listening (ex. pulse) OR feeling superficial structures

Question 13

clinical approach

definition, incorporates which other approaches, stress ____

Answer 13

• emphasizes aspects of structures & function
• Incorporates regional & systemic
• Stresses clinical applications

Question 14

the anatomical position

Answer 14

• Upright position
• Toes directed anteriorly
• Arms adjacent to the sides
  — Palms facing anteriorly
  -Lower limbs close together w/ parallel feet

Question 15

3 anatomical axes

Answer 15

1. Craniocaudal / longitudinal axis
2. Frontal / horizontal axis
   — Right to left
3. Sagittal / anteroposterior / dorsoventral axis
   — Front to back

Question 16

4 anatomical planes

Answer 16

1. frontal plane
2. sagittal plane
3. median plane
4. transverse plane

Question 17

frontal plane

for the brain, what it passes through, how it divides the body

Answer 17

• For the brain → CORONAL PLANE
• Vertical planes passing through the body from left to right
• Divides body into ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR regions

Question 18

sagittal plane

axes, parallel to the , all ____ are ____ but not all ____ are ____

Answer 18

• Axes: longitudinal + anteroposterior axis
• Vertical plane parallel to the median plane
  — MEDIAN PLANE (aka mid-sagittal) → passes longitudinally + dividing the body into right & left halves
  — All median plane are sagittal but not all sagittal planes are medial

Question 19

median plane

how it divides the body, for hands & feet

Answer 19

• Vertical, longitudinal plane
• Divides body into right & left PERFECT SYMMETRICAL HALVES
• Separate for hands & feet

Question 20

transverse plane

axes, how it divides the body

Answer 20

• Axes → frontal + anteroposterior
• Horizontal plane dividing the body into SUPERIOR (UPPER) & INFERIOR (LOWER)

Question 21

2 anatomical sections

what planes they’re based from

Answer 21

1. Longitudinal section → based from mid-sagittal / frontal planes
2. Cross sections → based from transverse plane

Question 22

15 terms of relationship & comparison

4 (6), reference to medial plane, has a reference point, layers, H/F

(6), 2, 2, 3, 2

Answer 22

Compares structures relative to each other ONLY WITH RESPECT TO THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

1. Superior (upper)
2. Inferior (lower)
3. Anterior (front)
   — Ventral
   — Rostral
4. Posterior (back)
   — Dorsal

REFERENCE IS THE MEDIAN PLANE:
5. Medial (closer to the center)
6. Lateral (farther from the center)

SHOULD HAVE A REFERENCE POINT
7. Proximal (nearer to the trunk / point of origin)
8. Distal (farther from the trunk / point of origin)

LAYERS
9. Superficial (nearer to the surface)
10. Intermediate (middle) ⇒ should have 2 reference points
11. Deep (farther from the surface)
Ex. cross-section of the arm
— Bone = deep
— Muscles = intermediate
— Skin = superficial

ONLY HANDS & FEET
12. Palmar / palm (anterior) vs dorsal/um (posterior)
13. Plantar / sole (inferior) vs dorsal/um (superior)