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SS 102 > QUIZ 5 > Flashcards

QUIZ 5 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Muscles

definition

A

Contractile tissues stimulated by electrical impulse

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2
Q

3 Types of Muscles

A
  1. Skeletal ⇒ attached to bones
  2. Smooth ⇒ muscles of organs
  3. Cardiac ⇒ heart muscles
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3
Q

2 features of muscles

A
  1. EXTENSIBILITY ⇒ ability to stretch w/o being damaged
  2. ELASTICITY ⇒ ability to return to its original length after being stretched or contracted
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4
Q

4 Functions of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Produce body movement
    - Mobility
    - Localized motion
  2. Stabilizing body positions
    - Postural muscles
  3. Storing and moving substances within the body
    - Sphincters
    - Heart
    - Bladder
  4. Generates heat (THERMOGENESIS)
    - Ex. shivering
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5
Q

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM & MOVEMENT
(HOW DO WE MOVE?)

4 parts

A
  1. Muscle & Tendon structure
  2. Lever system
  3. Muscle coordination
  4. Fascicular arrangement
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6
Q

Muscle & Tendon structure

A
  1. Tendons → muscle to bone
  2. Origin → attachment of a tendon of a muscle to a stationary bone
  3. Insertion ⇒ attachment of other tendon of a muscle to a moveable bone
  4. Belly of a muscle (aka body of muscle)
    - Fleshy portion of muscle in bet. tendons
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7
Q

Lever system

A
  1. Lever → rigid structure that can move around a fixed point (fulcrum)
    - Ex. When you tiptoe the fulcrum will be at the ball of your foot
    - Ex. forearm when doing a bicep curl
  2. Effort → causes the movement (muscular contraction)
    - Ex. force applied by biceps muscle
  3. Load/resistance → opposes movement (external force)
    - Ex. weight of the object being held
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8
Q

Muscle coordination

A
  • Muscles = coordinated in pairs
  • Gross movement = flexion-extension, abductors-adductors
  1. PRIME MOVERS ⇒ aka AGONISTS, contract to cause movement
  2. ANTAGONISTS ⇒ stretches during movement + yields to movement caused by prime mover muscle
    - Ex. during flexion of elbow
    — Agonist = biceps
    — Antagonist = triceps
  3. SYNERGISTS = muscles which assists movement of the prime mover
    - Ex. brachialis during arm flexion
  4. FIXATOR ⇒ muscle which prevent unwanted movement during a targeted motion
    - Ex. deltoids ⇒ stabilize scapula during arm flexion
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9
Q

Fascicular Arrangement

Definition, 7 Types

A

Fascicles = bundles of muscle fibers

  1. Circular (orbicularis oculi)
  2. Convergent (pectoralis major)
  3. Multipennate (deltoid, seen laterally)
  4. Bipennate (rectus femoris)
  5. Unipennate (flexor, digitorum longus)
  6. Parallel strap (sartorius)
  7. Parallel fusiform (biceps brachii)
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10
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • 40% of human body weight
  • Muscle fibers ⇒ long, cylindrical, striated
    — roughly cylindrical, multinucleated cell with nuclei at the periphery
  • Striated (strippy) ⇒ alternating light & dark bands within fibers that are visible under a light microscope
  • Voluntary
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11
Q

Smooth muscles

A
  • Non-striated muscles
  • Spindle-shaped cells
  • Involuntary & automatic ⇒ unable to consciously control
  • Found in walls of…
    — blood & lymphatic vessels
    — respiratory
    — digestive
    — genito-urinary system
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12
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A
  • Specialized striated muscles for the heart
  • Involuntary muscle tissue
  • Branched fibers
  • Intercalated discs ⇒ connects cardiac cells mechanically & electrically
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13
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

levels of organization

A
  1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
  2. FASCICLE
  3. MUSCLE FIBER
  4. MYOFIBRIL
  5. FILAMENT / MYOFILAMENT
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14
Q

Skeletal muscle (level of organization)

A

a. TENDONS ⇒ connective tissue (cord / band) at the ends of muscle
— Attaches to bones / cartilage

b. APONEUROSIS ⇒ flat, broad sheet-like material which attaches muscle to bone or cartilage

c. EPIMYSIUM ⇒ outer layer of connective tissue encircling the entire muscle

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15
Q

Fascicle

definition, covering

A
  • Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
  • PERIMYSIUM ⇒ connective tissue surrounding fascicles
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16
Q

Muscle fiber

definition, characteristic of each fiber, covering, 7 parts

A
  • Basic component of muscle
  • Each STRIATED fiber has 100+ nuclei
  • ENDOMYSIUM ⇒ connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers

Contains muscle cells parts + organelles:
1. SARCOLEMMA ⇒ muscle cell membrane
2. SARCOPLASM ⇒ muscle cytoplasm
3. MITOCHONDRIA ⇒ powerhouse (ATP)
4. MYOFIBRILS ⇒ contractile units of a muscle fiber
5. NUCLEUS ⇒ contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the prod. of proteins necessary for muscle function
6. SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM ⇒ stores calcium ions (essential for muscle contraction)
7. TRANSVERSE TUBULES ⇒ transmit electrical signals from the surface of the muscle fiber to the interior, (coordinated contraction)

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17
Q

Myofibril

definition + function, composed of ______

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber
  • Composed of filaments
18
Q

Filament / myofilament

definition, 2 types, phenomena

Study These Flashcards
A

Contractile protein w/ myofibrils of 2 types:
1. Thick filaments → made of myosin
2. Thin filaments → made of actin, tropomyosin & troponin

MUSCLE SHORTENING ⇒ sliding of thin past thick filaments

19
Q

How muscles are named

7 ways

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Direction / orientation of fascicles
  2. Size
  3. Shape
  4. Action
  5. # of origins
  6. Location
  7. Origin / insertion
20
Q

Neck muscles

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalene
21
Q

sternocleidomastoid

origin, insertion, action, RMA

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Origin ⇒ manubrium of the sternum & clavicle
  • Insertion ⇒ mastoid process & occipital bone

Action
* Cervical flexion (bilateral)
* Lateral neck flexion (unilateral)
* Rotation (unilateral)

Reverse muscle action
* Sternum elevation during forced inspiration

22
Q

scalene

origin, insertion, action, RMA

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Origin ⇒ transverse process of the cervical spine

Insertion
* Anterior & middle scalene: 1st rib
* Posterior scalene: 2nd rib

  • Action ⇒ elevates ribs during deep inhalation
23
Q

Vertebral Region Muscles

4 types

Study These Flashcards
A

POSTERIOR SPINAL MUSCLES:
1. Splenius (superficial)
2. Erector spinae (intermediate)
3. Transversospinales (deep)
4. Segmental muscles (deepest)

24
Q

Splenius capitis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Muscle running along the neck to the trunk

Origin:
* Ligamentum nuchae
* Spinous processes of C7 - T4

Insertion:
* Occipital bone
* Mastoid process of temporal bone

Action:
* Extends the head (bilateral)
* Lateral flexion & rotation (unilateral contraction)

25
Splenius (superficial) | 2 types
1. splenius **capitis** 2. splenius **cervicis**
26
splenius cervicis
* Origin ⇒ **spinous** process **T3 - T6** * Insertion ⇒ **transverse** process of **C1 - C4** Action: * Extends head (bilateral) * Lateral flexion & rotation (unilateral contraction)
27
erector spinae (intermediate) | aka, position, action, 3 subgroups
* **Chief extensor** of the vertebral column * **Intermediate** w/ respect to other spinal muscles * Action ⇒ **primary extensor** of the vertebral column 3 subgroups: 1. **Spinalis** (medial) 2. **Longissimus** (intermediate) 3. **Iliocostalis** (lateral)
28
spinalis group of erector spinae | position, 3 types, action
* **Medial** spinal muscle group 1. Spinalis **capitis** 2. Spinalis **cervicis** 3. Spinalis **thoracis** * Action ⇒ vertebral column **extension** & neck extension
29
longissimus group of the erector spinae | position, 3 types, action
* **Intermediate** muscle group 1. Longissimus **capitis** 2. Longissimus **cervicis** 3. Longissimus **thoracis** Action * Vertebral column extension * Head extension * **lateral flexion** of vertebral column on the same side (unilateral contraction)
30
transversospinales (deep) | position, 3 types, function
* Deep to the erector spinae TYPES: 1. Semispinalis 2. Multifidus 3. Rotatores * F: Extension, rotation, lateral flexion
31
Semispinalis | 3 types, origin, insertion, action
1. Semispinalis **Capitis** 2. Semispinalis **Cervicis** 3. Semispinalis **Thoracis** * Origin ⇒ **C4 - C10** Insertion (T + C to the occipital bone) * **Capitis** ⇒ **occipital** bone * **Cervicis** ⇒ spinous process (**C1 - C5**) * **Thoracis** ⇒ spinous (**C6-T4**) Action: * Cervicis --- Extends head (bilateral) --- Rotates contralaterally (unilateral) * Cervicis & thoracis --- Extends thoracic & cervical vertebral column --- Rotates vertebral column contralaterally
32
multifidus | origin, insertion, action
* Origin ⇒ **C4 - L5**, **sacrum** & **ilium** * Insertion ⇒ **spinous** process of a **more superior vertebra** Action * Extends vertebral column * Weak lateral flexor * Weak contralateral rotation (uni-lat)
33
rotatores
* Origin ⇒ **transverse** process of all vertebrae * Insertion ⇒ **spinous** process of vertebrae **superior to its origin** Action * Weak extension of vertebral column * Weakly rotates vertebral column contralaterally
34
Segmental muscles (deepest) | position, 2 types, function
**Deepest** layer of back muscles 1. Interspinales 2. Intertransversarii F: **stability**, posture, respiration
35
interspinales | origin, insertion, action
* Origin ⇒ **superior surface** of all spinous process * Insertion ⇒ **inferior surface** of spinous process of vertebra superior to the one of origin Action * Weak extension of vertebral column (bi-lat) * Stabilizes vertebral column (uni-lat)
36
intertransversarii | origin, insertion, action
* Origin ⇒ transverse process of all vertebrae * Insertion ⇒ transverse process of vertebra superior to the one of origin Action * Weak extension of vertebral column (bi-lat) * Weak lateral flexion of vertebral column (uni-lat) * Stabilizes vertebral column during movement (uni-lat)
37
transversospinales vs segmental muscles
**Transversospinales** * **Longer** muscles for powerful spinal movements * F: Extension, **rotation**, lateral flexion **Segmental muscles** * **Shorter** + more localized * F: **stability**, posture, respiration
38
Pectoral girdle muscles | 3 anterior vs 4 posterior
Anterior muscles 1. Subclavius 2. Pectoralis minor 3. Serratus anterior Posterior muscles 1. Trapezius 2. Levator scapulae 3. Rhomboid minor 4. Rhomboid major
39
Subclavius | etymology, origin, insertion, action, exercises to stimulate it
Sub → under Clavius → clavicle * Origin ⇒ Rib 1 * Insertion ⇒ clavicle Action * Depression + moves clavicle anteriorly * Stabilizes pectoral girdle Exercises to stimulate it: * Pullovers * Dumbbell flyes
40
Pectoralis minor | etymology, origin, insertion, RMA
Pector → breast, chest, thorax Minor → lesser * Origin ⇒ ribs 3-5 * Insertion ⇒ coracoid process (scapula) Action * Protracts scapula (forward) * Draws shoulder downward Reverse muscle action * Elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation * When scapula = fixed by other muscles (rhomboids, trapezius)
41
Serratus anterior | etymology, origin, insertion, action, basic functional movement
Serratus → saw-toothed * Origin ⇒ ribs 1-8/9 * Insertion ⇒ vertebral border & inferior angle of the scapula Action * Protracts scapula (slight adduction) * Rotates scapula for abduction & flexion of arm Basic functional movement = reaching forward * Aka Boxer’s muscle * Essential in horizontal arm movements * i.e. punching & pushing

SS 102 (8 decks)

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