QUIZ 4.5 Flashcards
(23 cards)
pelvic girdle (pelvis)
components, articulations, surrounding
Components:
1. Pair of coxal bones (L & R)
2. Sacrum
3. Coccyx
ARTICULATIONS:
- Unite anteriorly at a joint called pubic symphysis
- Unite posteriorly at the sacroiliac joint
SURROUNDING:
Superior - abdominal viscera (internal organs)
Inferior - internal genital organs, portions of urinary system
hip bones (coxal)
type of joint, 3 pelvic bone components, what they form
Type of joint: BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
3 PELVIC BONE COMPONENTS:
a. Ilium (posterior)
b. Ischium
c. Pubis (anterior)
*All 3 primary bones forming the hip bone contribute to the formation of the ACETABULUM
ilium
fun fact, composition, 8 markings
- Largest component
COMPOSITION
1. Ala - superior wing
2. Body - inferior part which contains ACETABULUM (socket for femur)
MARKINGS:
1. Iliac crest ⇒ superior border of the ilium
2. Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) ⇒ anterior process (hip pointer)
3. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIA)
4. Gluteal lines
— 3 lines
— Mark origins of where the gluteal muscles originate
-
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
— dimpled area of the back - Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
-
Greater sciatic notch
— passage of nerves & muscles - Acetabulum
acetabulum (socket)
structure, articulation, type of joint
- Large cup-shaped cavity or socket on the lateral aspect of the hip bone
- Articulates w/ head of the femur (ball) to form hip joint
- Type of joint: Ball and socket joint
sacroiliac joint
Connection bet. vertebral column at the sacrum & ilium of pelvis
ischium
position, 2 main parts, 3 markings
Inferior posterior portion of the hip bone
PARTS:
1. Body (superior) ⇒ helps form the acetabulum
2. Ramus (inferior) ⇒ forms part of the obturator foramen (passage for nerves & BVs)
OTHER MARKINGS:
3. Ischial spine
4. Lesser sciatic notch
5. Ischial tuberosity (aka sit bones)
— Large posterior inferior of the ischium
pubis
aka, location, 3 parts, articulation
- aka pubic bone
- Location: anterior inferior part of the hip bone
PARTS:
1. Superior (pubic) ramus
2. Body
3. Inferior (pubic) ramus
ARTICULATION:
- Pubic symphysis
— Joint bet. the 2 pubes of the hip bone
— Fibrocartilage
— RELAXIN ⇒ hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis to ease delivery of baby
sex differences of the pubis
- general structure
- F: light & thin
- M: heavy & thick - false (greater) pelvis
- F: shallow
- M: deep - pelvic brim (inlet)
- F: wide + more oval
- M: narrow + heart-shaped - acetabulum
- F: small & faces anteriorly
- M: large & faces laterally - obturator foramen
- F: oval
- M: round - pubic arch
- F: >90º
- M: <90º
femur
aka, type of bone, fun fact, connected to___
- Aka thigh bone
- Long bone
- Longest, heaviest, strongest bone
- Connected to acetabulum of hip bone
articulations of the femur
- Hip (coxal) joint - proximal
- Patellofemoral joint - distal end
- Tibiofemoral joint - distal end
12 markings of the femur
extra info for 1-4, 7-10
- Femoral head
- Neck
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Intertrochanteric line
- Body / shaft
- Medial & lateral epicondyles
- Medial & lateral condyles
- Patellar surface
- Gluteal tuberosity (posterior)
- Linea aspera (posterior)
- Intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
EXTRA INFO
1 Femoral head
— Articulates w/ acetabulum
— Has a small depression / dimple (fovea capitis)
— F: has ligament connecting head of the femur to the acetabulum
2 Femoral neck
— Constructed region distal to the head
— Fracture ⇒ referred to as “broken hip”
3-4 Greater & lesser trochanters
— Projections from the junction of the neck & shaft
— F: attachment points for the tendons of thigh & gluteal muscles
7 Medial & lateral epicondyles
— F: attachment of ligaments of the knee joint
8 Medial & lateral condyles (femur) ⇒ articulates w/ M&L condyles of the tibia
— Forms the tibiofemoral joint
— Intercondyllar notch ⇒ located bet. condyles at the posterior surface
9 Patellar surface ⇒ located bet. condyles at the anterior surface
10 Gluteal tuberosity (posterior)
— Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest
— Blends into the linea aspera (vertical ridge)
— F: insertion point of gluteal muscles
patella (little dish)
aka, type of bone, 4 parts, 3 purposes
- Aka kneecap
- Sesamoid bone of your lower limbs
PARTS:
1. Base ⇒ proximal end
—Develops in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
2. Apex ⇒ distal end
3. M&L borders
4. M&L articular facets (POSTERIOR)
PURPOSE:
- Increases leverage of the quadriceps tendon
- Maintains position of the tendon during flexed knee
- Protect knee joint
tibia
aka, characteristics, function, 5 markings
- aka shin bone
- Larger, medial, weight bearing bone of the leg
- F: receives weight from femur + transfers to the talus (ankle bone) when standing
MARKINGS:
1. Lateral & medial condyles ⇒ articulates w/ the condyles of femur
— F: forms the tibiofemoral (knee) joints
-
Tibial tuberosity ⇒ anterior surface
— Serves as attachment for patellar ligament - Anterior crest / border (shin) ⇒ sharp ridge inferior to the tibial tuberosity
- Medial malleolus (hammer) ⇒ middle surface of ankle
-
Fibular notch ⇒ posterior projection that articulates w/ fibula
— F: forms distal tibiofibular joint
knee joint
aka, type of joint, 3 articulations, 3 types of ligaments
- aka Tibiofemoral joint ⇒ largest & most complex joint of the body
-
Modified hinge joint
— Has slight rotation
— Full rotation = ACL (HYPEREXTENDED)
3 ARTICULATIONS:
a. Lateral tibiofemoral joint
b. Medial tibiofemoral joint
c. Patellofemoral joint (intermediate joint)
STRUCTURES:
1. meniscus
- cruciate ligaments
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - collateral ligaments
a. tibial collateral ligament (TCL)
— aka medial collateral ligament (MCL)
b. fibular collateral ligament (FCL)
— aka lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
collateral ligaments of the knee
characteristics, 2 functions, 2 kinds
- taut when the knee is fully extended
FUNCTION:
1. stability while standing
2. prevents excessive M&L displacement of the joint
— as flexion proceeds, they become increasingly slack, permitting & limiting (serving as check ligaments for) rotation at the knee
PARTS:
1. Tibial collateral ligament (TCL) ⇒ aka medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- Fibular collateral ligament (FCL) ⇒ aka lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
2 types of cruciate ligaments
function
F: prevent anterior or posterior displacement of the tibia & femur
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
— Extends posteriorly & laterally from the anterior of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur
—– From anterior of tibia to (goes back to the) posterior of femur
— F: Limits hyperextension of the knee + anterior sliding of tibia on the femur - Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
— Extends anteriorly & medially from a posterior depression on the tibia & lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the medial condyle of the femur
— F: prevents posterior sliding of the tibia (& anterior sliding of the femur) when knee = flexed
meniscus
plural, components, 2 functions
- plural: menisci
- 2 fibrocartilage discs (M&L) bet. the tibial & femoral condyles
- F: shock absorption & joint stability
fibula
position, 2 markings
- Parallel & lateral to the tibia
- The fibuLA is LAteral
MARKINGS:
1. Head ⇒ proximal end
- Articulates w/ the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia
- F: forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
-
Lateral malleolus ⇒ distal projection
- Articulates w/ the talus of the ankle
- This prominence = lateral surface of the ankle
tarsals (ankle)
scientific name, 7 bone types, 2 articulations
TARSUS: proximal region of foot
7 TARSAL BONES:
1. Talus (ankle bone) ⇒ connected to tibia & fibula
2. Calcaneus (heel bone)
3. Navicular
3 cuneiform bones (MILC)
4. Lateral (third) cuneiform
5. Intermediate (second) cuneiform
6. Medial (first) cuneiform
7. Cuboid
ARTICULATIONS
1. Intertarsal joints ⇒ joints bet. tarsal bones which are planar joints allowing eversion & inversion
— Inversion sprains = more common than eversion sprains
— Plane synovial joints (gliding of short bones)
-
Talocrural joint (ankle joint)
— Hinge joint (plantar/dorsiflexion)
— Formed by malleoli of the fibula + tibia w/ the talus
metatarsals
position, numbering, 3 parts, 2 articulations
- Intermediate region of the foot
- 5 metatarsal bones numbered
I to V from M to L position
PARTS:
1. Proximal base
2. Intermediate shaft
3. Distal head
ARTICULATIONS:
1. Tarsometatarsal joints (proximal articulation w/ cuneiform & cuboid bones)
— MILC + Cuboid
2. Metatarsophalangeal joints
phalanges
component of foot, numbered, 3 parts, differences, articulation
- Distal component of foot (toes)
- 5 toes = numbered I to V from M to L
PARTS:
1. Proximal base
2. Intermediate shaft
3. Distal head
- I Hallux (Big toe) ⇒ distal & proximal phalanges
- II - V ⇒ has proximal, middle, & distal phalanges
ARTICULATIONS:
- Interphalangeal joints
arches of the foot
function, characteristic, mechanism, weight distribution
- F: enable foot to support weight of body
— Provides ideal distribution of body weight over the soft & hard tissues of the foot
— Provide leverage while walking - Arches = NOT RIGID
- Mechanism: spring
— Stores energy for the next step
— F: shock absorption
NORMAL WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION:
- Ball of foot = 40% of weight
- Heel = 60% of weight
Ex. wearing of high heels results in redistribution of weight to 80:20
2 foot arches
- Longitudinal arch (M&L)
- Transverse arch
