QUIZ 4

Question 1

Cervical section of the vertebral column

Answer 1

• 7 vertebrae
• Neck regions
• Moveable
• Convex

Question 2

C1 (atlas)

Answer 2

• Ring
• Articulates at the occipital condyle at the occipital bone
• Forms atlanto-occipital joint
• Allows “yes” movement
• ONLY 1 LACKING vertebral body & spinous process

Question 3

C2 (axis)

Answer 3

• Has a vertebral body
• DENS / ODONTOID PROCESS ⇒ peglike structure
• Permits head rotation

Question 4

C7 (vertebra prominens)

Answer 4

• Non-bifid spinous process (ISNT divisible into 2 at the end)
• Seen & felt at the base of the neck

Question 5

Thoracic section of the vertebral column

of vertebrae, fun fact, con__, movement it permits, prominent features

Answer 5

• 12 vertebrae
• LARGER & STRONGER than Cervical vertebrae
• Concave
• Movable → flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
• Has COSTAL FACETS (articular surface for RIBS)
  —Facets
  —Demifacets (half a facet)

VERTEBROCOSTAL JOINTS → articulations bet. thoracic vertebrae & ribs

Question 6

Lumbar section of the vertebral column (# of vertebrae, concave/convex, fun fact, function, structure

Answer 6

• 5 vertebrae
• Convex
• LARGEST + STRONGEST of the unfused bones
  —SHORT + THICK projections
• F: Supports body weight
• Structure: Quadrilateral spinous process (squarish)

Question 7

Sacral section of the vertebral column

Answer 7

• Triangular bone
• Made of 5 FUSED BONES
• Concave
• Base (superior)
• Apex (inferior)

Prominent Features:
- SACRAL PROMONTORY ⇒ projecting border of the base (on top of S1)
- SACRAL FORAMEN ⇒ contains nerves & BVs
- SACROILIAC JOINT ⇒ connects w/ ilium of each hip bone (auricular surface)
- LUMBOSACRAL JOINT ⇒ connects base of sacrum & L5
- SACRAL CORNU ⇒ connects to coccyx

Question 8

Coccygeal section

Answer 8

• Aka tailbone
• Triangular
• Fused 4 coccygeal vertebrae
• Sex-differences
  — Females ⇒ points inferiorly (for passage of baby during birth)
  — Males ⇒ points anteriorly

Question 9

sternum

aka, structure, position

Answer 9

• Aka breastbone
• Flat, narrow bone
• Anterior thoracic wall

Question 10

sternum: 3 main parts + 2 other features

Answer 10

1. MANUBRIUM → superior
2. BODY → middle & largest part
3. XIPHOID PROCESS → inferior & smallest part
   — DOESNT have rib attachments
   — for CARDIORESPIRATORY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
4. STERNAL ANGLE → junction of manubrium & body
5. SUPRASTERNAL NOTCH → superior depression

Question 11

2 articulations of the sternum

Answer 11

1. STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS → at the manubrium via clavicular notch (collar bone)
2. STERNOCOSTAL JOINTS → connected to ribs

Question 12

ribs

of ribs, function

Answer 12

• 12 pairs of ribs
• F: cases the internal organs (heart + lungs)

Question 13

2 types of ribs

Answer 13

1. true ribs
2. false ribs

Question 14

true ribs

number of ribs, what it connects to + what connects it

Answer 14

• Ribs 1-7
• Costal cartilage
• Bc connected to the sternum

Question 15

false ribs

Answer 15

• Ribs 8-12
• Indirectly attaches to sternum (8-10)
• Attached to RIB 7
• Floating ribs (11-12)

Question 16

articulations of the rib

Answer 16

• Posterior tubercle w/ transverse process
• Head of rib connects to inferior + superior demifacets of the thoracic vertebra
• Facet: 1 rib

Question 17

sections + subsections of the appendicular skeletal system

Answer 17

1. pectoral (shoulder) girdles (4)
   — clavicle (2)
   — scapula (2)
2. upper limbs (60)
   — humerus (2)
   — ulna (2)
   — radius (2)
   — carpals (16)
   — metacarpals (10)
   — phalanges (28)
3. pelvic (hip) girdle (2)
   — hip, pelvic or coxal bone (2)
4. lower limbs (60)
   — femur (2)
   — patella (2)
   — fibula (2)
   — tibia (2)
   — tarsals (14)
   — metatarsals (10)
   — phalanges (28)

Question 18

6 types of synovial joints (+classified based on what)

Answer 18

• classified based on movement

1. plane
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. condyloid
5. saddle
6. ball and socket

Question 19

plane joints (aka, 3 types of movement, examples)

Answer 19

• aka planar joint

1. Gliding
   — Usually short bone to short bone
2. Permits ____ movements bet. flat surfaces of bones
   a) Back-and-forth
   b) Side-to-side
3. Can rotate against one another

Ex.
i. Intercarpal joints
ii. Intertarsal joints
iii. Sternoclavicular joint

Question 20

hinge joints (analogy, structure, ___axial, type of movement, examples)

Answer 20

• Similar to opening & closing of door
• Observed when convex surface of 1 bone fits in the concave surface on another bone
• Monoaxial / uniaxial
• Movement: flexion + extension

Ex.
i. Knee joint (modified hinge)
ii. Elbow
iii. Ankle
iv. Interphalangeal joints (toes / fingers)

Question 21

pivot joints (___joint, structure, ___axial, examples)

Answer 21

• Trochoid joints (joint wherein 1 element rotates on its own axis
• Rounded process of bone rotates w/in a sleeve or ring
• Uniaxial ⇒ permit rotation around a central axis

Ex.
i. Atlantoaxial joint
ii. Radioulnar joint

Question 22

condyloid joints (origin, ___joint, structure, ___axial, examples)

Answer 22

• Condyl- (n. knuckle)
• Ellipsoidal joint (allows movements in all angular motions)
• Convex oval shaped projection to oval shaped depression
• Biaxial → permits flexion / extension + abduction / adduction

Ex.
i. Radiocarpal (wrist)
ii. Metacarpophalangeal joints of the 2nd + 4th digits

Question 23

saddle joint (structure, type of movements, ___axial, example)

Answer 23

• Articular surface of 1 bone = saddle-shaped
  — Articular surface of other bone fits into the “saddle”
• Movement:
  — Abduction / adduction
  — Flexion / extension
• Biaxial

Ex. thumb

Question 24

ball and socket joint (structure, ___axial, type of movements, examples)

Answer 24

• Consists of a ball-like surface of 1 bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
• Tri-axial
• Movement: circumduction movements

Ex. hip bone + femur (hip joint), shoulder joint

Question 25

appendicular skeletal system (# of bones, origin, connected to what)

Answer 25

- 126 bones - Appendic (def.) → to hang into - Connected to the axial skeletal system

Question 26

4 divisions of the appendicular system

Answer 26

1. Pectoral girdle 2. Upper limbs 3. Pelvic (hip) girdle 4. Lower limbs

Question 27

2 parts of the pectoral girdle

Answer 27

1. clavicle 2. scapula

Question 28

clavicle (aka, shape, position, articulations)

Answer 28

- aka Collar bone - S-shaped bone - Superior to first rib Articulations: - STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT w/ Manubrium of sternum - ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT w/ scapula at its acromion process

Question 29

scapula (aka, shape, position, boundaries, anterior, posterior & lateral view + parts, landmarks + markings)

Answer 29

- aka shoulder blade - Large, triangular, flat bone - Situated in the superior part of the posterior thorax --- Bet. 2nd & 7th ribs BOUNDARIES - Lateral border - Medial border - Inferior angle - Superior angle A. ANTERIOR view = flat Anterior parts: - Processes a. **Acromion** process b. **Coracoid** process - Depression c. **Subscapular fossa** B. POSTERIOR view = has spine Posterior parts: - Process a. **Spine** of scapula - Depressions b. **Supraspinous fossa** c. **Infraspinous fossa** C. LATERAL view = **glenoid fossa** + **glenohumeral joint** Parts: a. **Glenoid cavity / fossa** → shallow depression --- Inferior to acromion b. Accepts the head of the humerus (arm bone) to form the **GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT** LANDMARKS + MARKINGS 1. **Spine** of the scapula --- Runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula 2. **Acromion** --- (acrom- topmost; -omos shoulder) → found at lateral end of scapula --- Felt as high point of shoulder

Question 30

6 parts of the upper limbs

Answer 30

1. humerus 2. ulna 3. radius 4. carpals 5. metacarpals 6. phalanges

Question 31

humerus (aka, fun fact, articulations, markings / parts)

Answer 31

- aka arm bone - Longest + largest bone of upper limb ARTICULATIONS - Articulates **proximally** w/ **scapula** - Articulates **distally** w/ 2 bones, **ulna** & **radius** --- Forms ELBOW JOINTS MARKINGS / PARTS 1. **Head** → proximal part which articulates w/ glenoid cavity to form the **GLENOHUMERAL JOINT** 2. **Anatomical neck** → former site of the ***growth plate*** for adult humerus 3. **Greater tubercle** → lateral projection lateral to anatomical neck (laterally palpable inferior to acromion) 4. **Lesser tubercle** → anterior projection 5. **Intertubercular sulcus** → groove 6. **Surgical neck** → constriction at distal to the tubercles which is a common site for fractures 7. **Body (shaft)** → roughly cylindrical structure 8. **Deltoid tuberosity** → lateral roughened v-shaped area of the body which serves as attachment point for deltoid muscle 9. **Radial groove** → runs along deltoid tuberosity which contains the radial nerve (**funny bone**) 10. **Radial fossa** → anterior depression of the capitulum which articulates w/ the head of the radius when arm is flexed (bent) 11. **Capitulum** (capit. -head) → rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the bone which articulates w/ the head of the radius 12. **Trochea (pulley)** → medial to capitulum which articulates w/ the trochlear notch of the ulna 13. **Coronoid fossa (crown)** → anterior depression receiving coronoid process of the ulna when arm = flexed 14. **Olecranon fossa** → large posterior depression receives the olecranon of ulna during extension of the arm 15. **Medial & lateral epicondyles** → rough projections at the distal end of the humerus which are attachment points of muscle tendons

Question 32

shoulder joint (aka, type of joint, 4 anatomical components)

Answer 32

- aka glenohumeral joint - TYPE OF JOINT: Ball & Socket ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS: 1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE 2. LIGAMENTS --- Coracohumeral ligament --- Glenohumeral ligament --- Transverse humeral ligament 3. GLENOID LABRUM --- Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity which slightly deepens + enlarges the glenoid cavity 4. BURSAE (3) --- Closed sacs which function to reduce friction in some joints

Question 33

ulna (location, fun fact, 5 markings & features)

Answer 33

LOCATION - Medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm - Longer forearm bone (½) MARKINGS & FEATURES 1. **Olecranon** → proximal end which forms the prominence of the elbow 2. **Coronoid process** → anterior projection which articulates w/ the trochlea of the humerus 3. **Trochlear notch** → large curved area bet. olecranon & coronoid process that forms part of the elbow joint 4. **Ulnar tuberosity** → attachment point for biceps 5. **Styloid process** → pointed distal end of the ulna; attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist

Question 34

radius | position, fun fact, 2 parts

Answer 34

- Smaller forearm bone - Lateral aspect of forearm - Thumb side - Proximal end has a disc shaped head → circular & flat PARTS: 1. **Styloid process** → pointed distal end of the radius which is palpable proximal of the thumb 2. **Radial tuberosity** → serves as attachment for the tendon of the biceps

Question 35

elbow joint (what it connects, type of joint, 2 articulations)

Answer 35

- Articulation bet. the **humerus, radius** and **ulna** - TYPE OF JOINT: **Hinge** joint 2 ARTICULATIONS: 1. **HEAD OF THE RADIUS** → capitulum of humerus 2. **TROCHLEAR NOTCH OF THE ULNA** → trochlea of humerus

Question 36

Radius / ulna (RADIOULNAR) | what joints them + F, articulations

Answer 36

1. **INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE** - Joins shaft of radius & ulna - F: **Provides attachment** of deep forearm skeletal muscles ARTICULATIONS (**PIVOT** JOINTS) 1. **PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR ARTICULATION** - Radius articulates w/ ulna’s **radial notch** --- Proximal radioulnar joint 2. **DISTAL RADIOULNAR ARTICULATION** - **Head of the ulna** articulates w/ the **ulnar notch** of the radius --- Distal radioulnar joint

Question 37

wrist joint | aka, articulation

Answer 37

aka **RADIOCARPAL JOINT** - Articulation bet. Distal end of radius w/ 3 wrist bones: --- **Scaphoid** --- **Lunate** --- **Triquetrum**