Quiz 3 Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
6 Functions of the Skeletal System
A
- Support → structural framework for the body supporting soft tissues & providing attachment joints for the tendons of most skeletal muscles
- Protection → protects internal organs from injury
- Assists movement → muscles = attached to bones
- Mineral balance → stores & releases minerals (calcium, phosphorus) to various body parts
- Triglyceride storage → stores fat in yellow bone marrow (later used for energy)
- Mostly from subcutaneous fats + muscles not much from bones - Blood cell production → some bones contain red bone marrow which produces RBCs, WBCs, & platelets (hemopoiesis)
2
Q
Composition of the skeletal system
A
- Connective tissues
- resilient & semi-rigid
- for flexibility - Avascular
- characteristic of cartilage (i.e. no direct blood supply)
- relies on diffusion from nearby tissue - Articular cartilage
- found in joints
- provides smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces for movement (shock absorber) - Chondroitin sulfate (gel-like)
- component of cartilage
- F: structure, elasticity & water retention of cartilage - Chondrocytes
- F: growth, repair & maintenance of cartilage
3
Q
hyaline cartilage
A
- weakest type of cartilage
- found at ends of long bones (connected w/ joints)
—ex. Hyaline / articular cartilage exists at the joint connecting your femur, patella and tibia
—ex. nasal septum cartilage - F:
—provides smooth surfaces for joint movement
—flexibility
—support
4
Q
fibrocartilage
A
- has chondrocytes along bundles of collagen fibers
- provides shock absorption for pubic symphysis → joint sandwiched bet. the L & R pelvic bones
- STRONGEST TYPE OF CARTILAGE
5
Q
elastic cartilage
A
- has chondrocytes in network of elastic fibers
- locations:
—lid on top of epiglottis / larynx
—external ear
—auditory tubes - F: provides strength & elasticity + MAINTAINS SHAPE
6
Q
2 types of BONE TISSUE (bones are a _____ of the 2)
A
- Compact bone → enables strength for weight bearing
- Spongy bone → lattice-like structures that contain bone marrow
7
Q
osteocytes
A
bone cells
8
Q
osteons
A
basic unit of structure of compact bone
9
Q
4 parts of compact bone (osteons)
A
- LAMELLAE → concentric RINGS containing mineral salts
- LACUNAE → spaces containing osteocytes (holes)
- CANALICULI → small canals containing processes of osteocytes
- CENTRAL CANAL (HAVERSIAN) → contains its BVs & nerves
*no space / VV COMPACT so bone marrow can’t be deposited
10
Q
4 parts of SPONGY BONE (TRABECULAE)
A
- LAMELLAE → concentric RINGS containing mineral salts
- LACUNAE → spaces containing osteocytes (holes)
- OSTEOCYTES
- CANALICULI → small canals containing processes of osteocytes
*Contains SPACES for red bone marrow
*NO HAVERSIAN CANAL because it has no center (only lattice-like)
11
Q
CASE: OSTEOPOROSIS
A
- Condition of porous bone
- Bone breakdown OUTPACES bone building
- High risk for FRACTURES
—More fragile because of bigger holes in the trabeculae (brittle)
*bones react to stimuli so when you jump
—ground force + your body weight stimulates the production of osteocytes
—Slows down process of bone breakdown
12
Q
5 types of bones
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
13
Q
LONG BONES
A
- Slightly curved (for strength)
- Length > width
Examples:
- Thigh bone (femur)
- Arm bone (humerus)
- Finger & toe bones (phalanges)
14
Q
PARTS OF A LONG BONE
A
- DIAPHYSIS → long, cylindrical shaft (main part)
- EPIPHYSIS → proximal & distal ends of the bone
—Proximal epiphysis
—Distal epiphysis - METAPHYSIS → region bet. diaphysis + epiphysis
- Contains EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE → hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to GROW in length
—How you experience height growth
—Bone stops growing at ages 14-24
—Transformation of cartilage to bone (EPIPHYSEAL LINE)
- ARTICULAR CARTILAGE → thin hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) w/ another bone
ALWAYS ASSOCIATED W/ JOINTS - PERIOSTEUM → connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone’s surface W/O articular cartilage
—Contains BVs + NERVES - MEDULLARY CAVITY → has fatty yellow bone marrow + BVs in adults
- ENDOSTEUM → lines the medullary cavity
15
Q
Short bones
A
- Cube-shaped
- Nearly equal length & width
- Contains SPONGY bone tissue
- Ex: carpal (wrist) bones + most tarsal (ankle bones
16
Q
Flat bones
A
- Generally thin
- Composed of PARALLEL PLATES of COMPACT bones which encloses a SPONGY bone tissue
Functions:
1. Protects internal organs
2. Provides muscle attachment
Ex. scapula → has most bones attached
17
Q
Irregular bones
A
- Complex shapes
- VARIES in spongy & compact bone composition
Ex.
1. Vertebra
2. Heel bone (calcaneus) → connected to tarsals then (toe) phalanges
18
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
- Develops in tendons where there’s considerable FRICTION, TENSION, and STRESS
—Ex. at palms & soles
F: PROTECTS TENDONS from excessive wear & tear
Ex.
—PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
—PISIFORM BONE
19
Q
2 types of bone surface markings
A
- Depressions & openings
Functions:
A. Allow PASSAGE of soft tissue (ex. nerves, BVs, ligaments, tendons)
B. Formation of joints
It has openings for smth to attach to
- Processes
- Projections / outgrowths on joints;
- ATTACHMENT POINTS for connective tissue
20
Q
5 Types of Depressions and Openings
A
- FISSURE → narrow slit bet. adjacent parts of bone
Ex. superior orbital fissure ⇒ where optic nerves move from eyes to the brain (posterior to eyes)
- FORAMEN → opening for BVs, nerves, or ligaments to pass
Ex. foramen magnum ⇒ where spinal cord enters / exits
- FOSSA → shallow depression
Ex. olecranon fossa (at elbow)
- SULCUS → furrow along bone surface that accommodates BV, nerve, or tendon
Ex. sulcus intertubercularis (bicep)
- MEATUS → tubelike opening
Ex. external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
21
Q
10 Types of Processes & Projections (Form Joints)
A
-
CONDYLE → large, round protuberance w/ a smooth articular surface at end of bone
-Ex. lateral & medial condyle -
FACET → smooth, flat, slightly concave / convex articular surface
-Ex. superior facet connects to inferior facts (forms complete facet joints like in the vertebra) -
HEAD → rounded articular projection supported on the bone’s neck (constricted portion)
- Head of neck
-Ex. femoral head attached to femoral neck -
CREST → prominent ridge / elongated projection
-Ex. iliac crest (upper hip) -
EPICONDYLE
- Typically roughened projection above the condyle
-Ex. medial & lateral epicondyle (posterior view) -
LINE (LINEA) → long, narrow ridge / border (less prominent than crest)
-Ex. linea aspera (line that runs from the proximal to distal end of femur) -
SPINOUS PROCESS → sharp, slender projection
-Ex. in the spine
—Transverse processes
—Superior articular process
—Inferior articular process
—Spinous process -
TROCHANTER → vv large projection
-Ex. femur
—Greater trochanter
—Lesser trochanter
—Trochanteric chest -
TUBERCLE → variably sized rounded projection
-Ex. arm (humerus)
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle -
TUBEROSITY → variably sized projection w/ a rough, bumpy surface
-Ex. ischial tuberosity (bump)
22
Q
Joints (definition, classification basis, what connects them)
A
- Unions / junctions bet. 2+ bones or rigid parts of bones
- Classifications = based on STRUCTURE + MOVEMENT
- Ligaments → connective tissue
—Connects bone to bone
23
Q
3 Structural Classifications of Joints
A
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
24
Q
Fibrous Joints (what holds bones together here, important characteristic, example)
A
- No synovial cavity (i.e. space bet. articulating bone)
—NO SPACE BET. 2 BONES (solid) - SUTURAL LIGAMENT → bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue (ligament) rich in collagen fiber
- Ex. coronal suture → joint joining anterior part of skull + middle half of it
25
Cartilaginous Joints (important characteristic, what holds bones together here, rigidity, 2 examples)
- No synovial cavity
- Bones held together by CARTILAGE
- Permits little to no movement
- Ex. epiphyseal growth plates (femur)
- Ex. pubic symphysis (pelvis)
---Pelvis expands during childbirth → can’t be rigid
26
Synovial Joints (fun fact, important characteristic, what holds bones together here, example)
- Most common + movable joint in the body
- Has SYNOVIAL CAVITY w/ SYNOVIAL FLUID
- Connected by dense connective tissue of an ARTICULAR CAPSULE + accessory LIGAMENTS
- Ex. finger (bet. proximal & distal sections)
27
Sutures (definition, in adults, 4 examples)
Under fibrous joints
- Fibrous joint comprised of dense irregular connective tissue
- Immovable joints (adults)
- Ex.
--- Coronal suture
--- Sagittal suture
--- Lambdoid suture
--- Squamous suture
28
Interosseous membrane (definition, function, example)
Under fibrous joints
- Fibrous joint w/ a WIDE SHEET of dense irregular connective tissue connecting neighboring **long bones**
- F: permits **slight movement** (pliable)
- Ex. bet. radius & ulna
*radius thumb, ulna pinky
29
Articular capsules (aka, 4 components)
aka **JOINT CAPSULES**
COMPONENTS:
1. **FIBROUS MEMBRANE** → surrounds joint + holds bones together
- Attached to periosteum
2. **SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE** → inner covering of capsule (like endosteum / inner lining of capsule)
3. **LIGAMENTS** → within the synovial cavity
---F: holds bones together
---has articular fat pads (AFPs)
4. **SYNOVIAL FLUID** → HYALURONIC ACID
---F: joint lubrication + shock absorber
---Needs to be warmed up to maximize this ability
30
Divisions of the Axial Skeleton
1. Skull
- Cranium = 8
- Facial = 14
2. Hyoid Bone = 1
3. Auditory Ossicles = 6
4. Vertebral Column = 26
5. Thorax
- Sternum = 1
- Ribs 24
31
Axial
along an axis (longitudinal axis / bbq stick)
32
Skull (# of bones, location, 2 grouping)
Contains 22 bones (excluding bones of middle ears)
- Location: rests on the superior end of the vertebral column
- Groupings:
1. Cranial bones (crani- ⇒ brain case)
2. Facial bones
33
6 Types of Cranial Bones
CRANIAL BONES (8)
1. FRONTAL = 1 (unpaired)
2. PARIETAL = 2 (paired)
3. TEMPORAL =2 (paired)
4. OCCIPITAL = 1 (unpaired)
5. SPHENOID = 1 (unpaired)
6. ETHMOID = 1 (unpaired)
34
Frontal Bone (area, joint boundary, prominent features)
Area/boundary
- Anterior part of the cranium
- Roof of orbits (eye sockets)
- Anterior cranial floor
Joint boundary
- Coronal suture
Some prominent features
- Supraorbital margin
- Glabella
- Frontal squama (forehead)
35
Parietal Bone (joint boundaries, functions)
2 bones (sagittal suture)
Joint boundaries: ALL SUTURES
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
F:
- Accommodates BVs
- Supply meninges + connective tissue covering the brain
36
Temporal Bone (area, joint boundaries, prominent features)
2 bones
Area/boundary
- Inferior lateral cranium
- Part of cranial floor
Joint boundaries
- Squamous suture
- Parietomastoid
- Occipitomastoid
Prominent features
1. EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS (Ear canal)
2. MASTOID PROCESS
---Hard point behind ear
---Posterior & inferior to EAM
3. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)
---Locks jaw when stressed
---Articulation of temporal bone w/ mandible
4. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
---Process going to the cheek bone (trace from the ear)
37
Occipital Bone (area, joint boundaries, prominent features)
Area / boundary
- Posterior + base of cranium
Joint boundaries
- Lambdoid suture (lambda / upside-down y)
- Occipitomastoid suture
Prominent features
1. FORAMEN MAGNUM → passageway connecting the medulla oblongata & spinal cord
---Contains spinal arteries & accessory nerves
2. OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
- Round projections
- Convex surface (paired)
- Articulates w/ 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint (action: nod)
3. EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE → prominent bump at the posterior head, above the neck
38
Sphenoid Bone (key characteristic, area)
- Keystone bone → all bones connect to it
--- Removing it disrupts the connected structure of the skull
--- Articulates all cranial bones together
Area / boundaries
- Anteriorly joins the frontal & ethmoid bones
- Laterally joins the temporal bone
- Posteriorly joins the occipital bone
39
Ethmoid Bone (area, prominent features)
Area / boundary
- Anterior to sphenoid
- Posterior to nasal bone
Features:
1. Anterior part of cranium
2. Superior portion of nasal septum
3. Superior sidewalls of nasal cavity
4. Superior part = **CRIBRIFORM PLATE**
---Contains **olfactory foramina** where olfactory nerves pass (for smell)
40
8 Types of Facial Bones
1. Nasal (paired)
2. Lacrimal (paired)
3. Palatine (paired)
4. Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
5. Vomer (1)
6. Maxillae (paired)
7. Zygomatic → cheekbone (paired)
8. Mandible (1)
41
Hyoid Bone (area, functions)
Location
- Anterior neck (bet. mandible & larynx)
- Suspended from the temporal bone
Functions
- Supports tongue
- Supports neck + pharynx muscles
42
Vertebral Column (aka, characteristics, unit, # of bones)
- aka spine, backbone, spinal column
- ⅖ of total height
- VERTEBRA → each bone
- 26 vertebrae
43
5 Regions of the Vertebral Column
1. Cervical (C 1-7) → neck
2. Thoracic (T 1-12) → chest
3. Lumbar (L 1-5) → loin
4. Sacral = region (1)
---Sacrum = bone (fused)
---Sa-krum ⇒ sacred bone
5. Coccygeal = region
---Coccyx (bone)
---Shaped like cuckoo bird bill
44
2 Normal Curvatures (regions)
CONVEX → curves outward
- Kyphosis (kuba)
- Regions: cervical & lumbar
CONCAVE → curves inward
- Lordosis (hyperextended)
-Regions: thoracic, sacral & coccygeal
45
3 Typical structures of vertebral bone
1. Vertebral body
2. Vertebral Arch
3. Processes
46
Vertebral Body
- Disc-shaped, anterior portion
- Weight-bearing
- Superior & inferior attachment areas for cartilaginous INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
47
Vertebral Arch (3 parts)
- Pedicles → posterior projections
- Laminae → posterior junction
- Vertebral foramen (opening)
48
Processes
- Transverse process (lateral)
- Spinous process (spine)
- Articular process (superior & inferior)
