Quiz 1

Question 0

Empirical

Answer 0

• dealing with how/what we know

Question 1

Intersubjectivity

Answer 1

• Where observations are transmissible/replicable
  
  • Transmissible: clearly stating all steps it took to reach a given conclusion
  • Replicable: able to get the same result

Question 2

Normative

Answer 2

• dealing with how we should use the knowledge we have

Question 3

Qualitative

Answer 3

• Pertaining to the/a quality (e.g. colour)

Question 4

Quantitative

Answer 4

• Pertaining to the quantity of a thing (e.g. how much?)

Question 5

Operationalization

Answer 5

• Moving from the conceptual (thinking about a problem) level to an operational level (deciding how to solve a problem)

Question 6

Generalizability

Answer 6

• To be able to generalize findings to a greater majority with confidence that the they will remain accurate

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

• a set of propositions that are logically related to one another
• theories draw together concepts by stating relationships between them

Question 8

Induction

Answer 8

• Going from evidence to a wider abstract conclusion

ex: The Republicans in Middletown are all conservative, therefore, All Republicans are conservative

Question 9

Deduction

Answer 9

• Going from an abstract assumptions to predictions

ex: Republicans attracts only conservatives, therefore, All the Republicans in Middletown will be conservative

Question 10

Concept

Answer 10

• a word or symbol that represents an idea
• abstract (concepts don’t actually exist)
• Serve two key functions
  1) Tools for data gathering (‘data containers’)
  2) Essential building blocks of theories

Question 11

Empirical Referents

Answer 11

• A concept must have these

- Means that we are able to directly or indirectly observe a givern characteristic of a concept

Question 12

Covariational Relationships

Answer 12

• Indicate that two or more concepts tend to change together

e. g. as one increases the other decreases

Question 13

Causal Relationships

Answer 13

• when changes in one or more concepts lead to or cause changes in one or more other concepts

Question 14

Spurious Relationship

Answer 14

• Where A and B vary together (suggesting a Causal or Covariational Relationship), but only because their change is caused by C

Question 15

Positive Relationship

Answer 15

• Where the two variables change in the same direction

Question 16

Negative Relationship

Answer 16

• Where variables change in opposite directions

Question 17

Hypothesis

Answer 17

• A statement of what we believe to be factual
• Join variables together
• They are:
  
  • A declarative statement
  • identify a directional relationship
  • specific

Question 18

Dependant Variables

Answer 18

• Change in this value is dependant on another

Question 19

Independent Variable

Answer 19

• changes in this variable cause changes in others

Question 20

Intervening Variable

Answer 20

• Comes between IV and DV

- explains why the IV effects the DV

Question 21

Antecedent Variable

Answer 21

• a variable that only effects the IV
• not a source of spuriousness
• explains the IV only

Question 22

Alternate Rival Hypothesis

Answer 22

• A hypothesis that could explain the same phenomena as your hypothesis, but that is mutually exclusive

Question 23

Nominal Measurement

Answer 23

• provides a set of categories to use in distinguishing between cases
• provides the least information about a pheomena

Question 24

Mutually Exclusive & Collectively Exhaustive

Answer 24

- Nominal Measurement must be this - Must not be possible to assign any single case to multiple categories - Must provide a category for every case

Question 25

Ordinal Measurement

Answer 25

- Allow us to both to categorize and to order, or rank, phenomena

Question 26

Interval/Ratio Measurement

Answer 26

- Can provide an order, and state how much more/less of a phenomena Interval: have a meaningful zero (temperature) Ratio: zero is absence of something

Question 27

Working Hypothesis

Answer 27

- state the expected relationship between variables, etc. | - comes before we can begin to understand the implications of our theories

Question 28

Exploratory Research

Answer 28

- research done when you know nothing about the topic/subject - get a sense of what is going on - requires great flexibility; not sure what you will find - best using qualitative tools

Question 29

Descriptive Research

Answer 29

- Some knowledge of the topic and want more information | - use qualitative and quantitative

Question 30

Explanatory Research

Answer 30

- hypothesis-testing research

Question 31

Solomon Two-Control-Group Research Design

Answer 31

- A classic experiment design with two control groups - one control group does not have the Pretest - Controls for the test effect

Question 32

Solomon Three-Control-Group Research Design

Answer 32

- A research design with three control groups - contains a third control group that receives neither the pretest nor stimulus - meant to control for external factors

Question 33

Quasi-Experimental Design

Answer 33

- where researches cannot control exposure to the IV or conditions under which it occurs, but attempt to simulate an experimental design either by gathering more data or by data analysis techniques

Question 34

Ex Post Factor Experiment

Answer 34

- 'After the Fact' - researchers make a single observation and collect data about the IV and DV and any other variables they feel should be controlled for

Question 35

Time-Series Designs

Answer 35

- the researcher makes several observations before and after the introduction of a causal phenomena and compares values of the dependant variable before and after

Question 36

Regression towards the Mean

Answer 36

- process by which subjects with anomaly variables progressively work their way back towards the norm