Quiz 11 Flashcards by Melissa thatcher

Q

For this statement, write two equivalent immediate inferences.
Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive.

“All liquid is a fluid”

A

“No liquid is a non-fluid” - Observe

“All non-fluid is a non-liquid” - Contrapositive

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Q

For this statement, write two equivalent immediate inferences.
Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive.

“No positives are negatives”

A

“All positives are non-negatives” - Observe

“No negatives are positives” - Converse

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Q

For this statement, write two equivalent immediate inferences.
Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive.

“some disciples are apostles”

A

“Some disciples are not non-apostles” - Obverse

“some apostles are disciples” - Converse

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Q

For this statement, write two equivalent immediate inferences.
Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive.

“some participles are not modifiers”

A

“Some participles are non-modifiers” - Obverse

“Some non-modifiers are not non-participles” - Contrapositive

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Q

Use immediate inferences to translate the argument into a standard form, categorical syllogism. Indicate whether the syllogism is VALID or INVALID.

“All atheists are non-christians, but some drinkers are not non-christians. Therefore, some non-atheists are not non-drinkers.”

A

All atheists are non-christians
Some drinkers are not non-Christians
Some drinkers are not atheists.

Valid

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Q

Use immediate inferences to translate the argument into a standard form, categorical syllogism. Indicate whether the syllogism is VALID or INVALID.

“all non-conductors are insulators, and some conductors are metals. Therefore, some insulators are non-metals.”

A

“Some metals are not non-conductors.
All non-conductors are insulators.
Some insulators are not metals.”

Invalid

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“Not everybody likes ice cream”

A

some people are not ice-cream liners.

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“thinking can be tiring.”

A

“Some thinking is tiring activity.”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“If it’s a spider then it’s not an insect”

A

“No spider is an insect.”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“Jonathan programs computers”

A

“All Jonathan is a computer programmer”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“She was given whatever she desired”

A

“All things she desired are things she was given.”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“I will mock when your terror comes.”

A

“all times your terror comes are times I will mock.”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“Only the strong will survive”

A

“All survivors are the strong”

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Q

Translate the statement into standard categorical form.

“Our eyes are always seeing unless we are asleep”

A

“All non-sleeping eyes are seeing eyes.”

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Q

Translate the syllogism into standard categorical form.

“Everyone played games except the older people. So Josiah is older, because he didn’t play.”

A

All non-older people were game players.
No Josiah was a game player.
No Josiah was a non-older person.

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Q

Translate the syllogism into standard categorical form

“I will not dismiss whoever is not finished. If you are still writing then you are not finished. So anyone still writing will not be dismissed.”

A

“All dismissed people are finished people.
No writing people are finished people.
No writing people are dismissed people.”

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Q

What is an immediate inference?

A

A statement that can be inferred directly from another statement.

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Q

Give an example of an indefinite statement

A

“Computers have memory”

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Q

give an example of a hypothetical statement

A

“If you start small then you can finish

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Q

Give an example of a singular statement

A

The waitress is practicing politics.

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Q

For each statement write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive.

“All Nomads are wanderers”
(obverse and contrapositive would be . . . )

A

“No nomads are non-wanderers.” - obverse

“All non-wanderers are non-nomads” - contrapositive

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Q

For each statement write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive

“No scientists are prattlers”
(Obverse and Converse would be . . . )

A

“All scientists are non-prattlers” - Obverse

“No prattlers are scientists” - Converse

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Q

For each statement write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive

“Some charismatic are pentecostals”
(Obverse and converse would be . . . )

A

“Some charismatics are not non-pentecostals” - obverse

“Some pentecostals are charismatics” - converse

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Q

For each statement write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive

“Some Africans are not Christians”
(Obverse and Contrapositive would be. . . )

A

“Some africans are non-christians” - obverse

“Some non-christians are not non-Africans” - contrapositive

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Using immediate inferences, translate this argument into a standard categorical syllogism: "All miracles are improvable events, but some possible events are probable events. Therefore, some impossible events are not non-miracles"

"some possible events are probably events. No miracles are probable events. Some miracles are not possible events."

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form. "Fred is an elder"

All Fred is an elder.

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form "Bats are not blind"

"No bats are blind creatures"

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form "Only believers go to heaven"

"All heaven goers are believers"

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form "Jamie passes whenever she studies."

"All times she studies are times Jamie passes."

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form "Whoever finds wisdom finds life"

"All wisdom finders are life finders"

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form "He will collapse unless he sits down"

"All times he does not sit down are times he will collapse"

# Translate the argument into a standard categorical syllogism "He sings whenever he goes. So he must sing in all the classrooms, for he visits all of them."

All places he goes are places he sings. All the classrooms are places he goes. All the classrooms are places he sings.

# Translate the argument into a standard categorical syllogism "All our school maps must have been printed before 1990, because only pre-1990 maps include the USSR, and if a map is in our school then it includes the USSR"

"All USSR includers are pre-1990 maps All our school maps are USSR includers .'. All our school maps are pre-1990 maps

# Translate the argument into a standard categorical syllogism "Nothing is free except bad advice, and sometimes his counsel isn't bad advice. So not all of his counsel is free."

All free counsel is bad advice Some counsel of his is not bad advice Some counsel of his is not free counsel.

Identify each statement as hypothetical, indefinite, or singular, then translate the statement into categorical form. "Rome conquered Carthage's empire"

Singluar. "All rome was a Carthage empire conqueror."

Identify each statement as hypothetical, indefinite, or singular, then translate the statement into categorical form. "If a number is odd then it is not a multiple of two"

Hypothetical "No odd numbers are multiples of two"

Identify each statement as hypothetical, indefinite, or singular, then translate the statement into categorical form. "Blood is thicker than water"

Indefinite "All blood is thicker-than-water-fluid

Identify each statement as hypothetical, indefinite, or singular, then translate the statement into categorical form. "I am not a crook"

Singular "No I am a crook"

Identify each statement as hypothetical, indefinite, or singular, then translate the statement into categorical form. "Students will graduate this spring"

Indefinite "Some students will be spring graduates"

Write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive. "All service is profitable work" (obverse and contrapositive)

"No service is non-profitable work" - obverse | "All non-profitable work is non-service" - contrapositive

Write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive. "Some athletes are swimmers" (obverse and contrapositive)

"Some athletes are not non-swimmers" - Obverse | Some swimmers are athletes" - Contrapositive

Write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive. "No europeans are Africans" (obverse and converse)

"All europeans are non-africans" - obverse | "No Africans are Europeans" - converse

Write two equivalent immediate inferences. Identify each immediate inference as converse, obverse, or contrapositive. "Some Occupations are not careers" (obverse and contrapositive)

"Some occupations are non-careers" - obverse | "Some non-careers are not non-occupations" - contrapositive

Using immediate inferences, translate this argument into a standard categorical syllogism: "No unbelievers are righteous men, for all righteous men are faithful, and all unbelievers are unfaithful men."

All righteous men are faithful men No unbelievers are faithful men. No unbelievers are righteous men.

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form: "You should be thankful for whatever you get"

"All things you get are things for which you should be thankful"

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form: "Wherever you go, I will go."

"All places you go are places I will go."

# Translate the given statement into standard categorical form: "A dog will whine unless it is fed"

"All unfed dogs will be whining dogs"

# Translate the argument into standard categorical syllogism: "Your eyes close whenever you sneeze, because every time you sneeze your facial muscles contract, and if your facial muscles contract then your eyes close."

All times your facial muscles contract are times your eyes close. All times you sneeze are times your facial muscles contract. All times you sneeze are times your eyes close.

# Translate the argument into standard categorical syllogism: "Whoever sins is a lawbreaker. Everybody has sinned except Jesus. Thus, Jesus never broke the law."

All sinners are lawbreakers No Jesus was a sinner No Jesus was a lawbreaker

In order to determine the assumed statement in an enthymeme, what must be assumed about the enthymeme's validity?

The enthymeme is assumed to be valid.

Determine the assumed conclusion in this enthymeme: "No photons are gluons, but some bosons are gluons"

Some bosons are not photons.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed premise. "Every mistake is a doorway to learning, so mistakes should never be ignored."

(No doors to learning are things to ignore) All mistakes are doors to learning. No mistakes are things to ignore.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed premise. "Jesus could be tempted and die, because He was a Man."

(All men are temptable mortals) All Jesus was a man. All Jesus was a temptable mortal.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed premise. "Sometimes getting good grades is a pleasant thing, since all honest success is pleasant"

All honest success is a pleasure (Some good grades are honest successes) Some good grades are a pleasure.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed premise. "All certainties will occur. Hence, every impossibility is uncertain"

(All things that occur are possibilities) All certainties are things that occur. All certainties are possibilities.

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT) affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If a man is a conservation biologist, then he seeks to preserve endangered animal species. Noah sought to preserve endangered animal species. Thus, Noah was a conservation biologist."

Affirming the Consequent (AC)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT) affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If war is ever lawful, then peace is sometimes sinful. A just war is lawful. Sometimes, therefore, peace is sinful."

Modus Ponens (MP)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT) affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If you want to run track next year, then you should run during the summer. Jon doesn't want to run track net year, so he should not run this summer"

Denying the Antecedent (DA)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT) affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If a whale were a fish, then it would have gills. Whales do not have gills. Consequently, whales are not fish."

Modus Tollens (MT)

Complete a valid pure hypothetical syllogism with the given premise: "If you want to be a chef, then you should experiment with food"

If you should experiment with food, then you should be prepared for some bad meals. Therefore, if you want to be a chef, then you should be prepared for some bad meals.

Write a categorical syllogism of the given form to establish the stated conclusion. "No Navy SEALs are ballerinas" (AEE-2)

All ballerinas are females. No Navy SEALs are females. No Navy SEALs are ballerinas.

Write a categorical syllogism of the given form to establish the stated conclusion. "Some poems are not hard to memorize" (EIO-1)

No short poems are hard memorizers Some poems are short poems Some poems are not hard memorizers

What is an enthymeme?

A syllogism with one assumed statement.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you spill your drink then you will have to wipe it up." Write out the antecedent:

You spill your drink.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you spill your drink then you will have to wipe it up." Write out the consequent:

You will have to wipe it up.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you spill your drink then you will have to wipe it up." Write a valid, pure hypothetical syllogism using that statement as a first premise:

"If you spill your drink, then you will have to wipe it up. If you have to wipe it up, then you will need a cloth. Therefore, if you spill your drink then you will need a cloth."

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parentheses around the assumed statement. "Some students studied for the test, so some of them were not surprised."

(No test studiers are surprised people) Some students were test studiers. Some students were not surprised people.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parentheses around the assumed statement. "The Koran is not the word of God, because only the Bible is the word of God"

All the word of God is the Bible. (No Koran is the Bible) No Koran is the word of God

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parentheses around the assumed statement. "Whoever rejects the Son will not see life, for God's wrath remains on him."

(No life seers are God's wrath receivers) All Son rejectors are God's wrath receivers. No Son rejecters are life seers.

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP), Modus tollens (MT), Affirming the Consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If you miss class then you will be lost tomorrow. Suzie will not miss class, so she will not be lost tomorrow."

Denying the antecedent (DA)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP), Modus tollens (MT), Affirming the Consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If you subsidize laziness, then you will get more laziness. The welfare system subsidizes laziness. Therefore we can expect more laziness."

Modus Ponens (MP)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP), Modus tollens (MT), Affirming the Consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If he was dead then he would not have been breathing. But he was not breathing. We must conclude that he was dead"

Affirming the consequent (AC)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP), Modus tollens (MT), Affirming the Consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If animal sacrifices were effective then they would have ceased being offered. They had not ceased being offered. Thus they were not effective."

Modus Tollens (MT)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP), Modus tollens (MT), Affirming the Consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If Joe had been studying all night then he would be tired the next day. Joe was tired the next day.

Affirming the Consequent (AC)

Write a valid syllogism which establishes the given statement as a conclusion, using the old and figure given in parenthesis. "Some restaurant food is not healthy" (EIO-1)

"No greasy food is healthy food. Some restaurant food is greasy food. Some restaurant food is not healthy food.

Write a valid syllogism which establishes the given statement as a conclusion, using the old and figure given in parenthesis. "No sumo wrestlers are tap dancers" (EAE-2)

No tap dancers are huge half-naked men. All sumo wrestlers are huge half-naked men. No sumo wrestlers are tap dancers.

Write a valid syllogism which establishes this statement as a conclusion: "All tennis stars have strong legs"

All pro athletes are strong-legged people. All tennis stars are pro Athletes All tennis stars are strong-legged people.

How does an enthymeme differ from a normal syllogism?

An enthymeme leaves a statement assumed.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you believe the gospel, then you will be saved". write out the antecedent:

You believe the gospel.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you believe the gospel, then you will be saved". Write out the consequent

You will be saved.

Consider this hypothetical statement: "If you believe the gospel, then you will be saved". Write out a valid, pure hypothetical syllogism using that statement as a first premise.

If you believe the gospel then you will be saved. If you are saved, then you will have eternal life. Therefore, if you believe the gospel then you will have eternal life.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed statement. "You do not believe, because you are not my sheep"

(All believers are my sheep) No you are my sheep No you are believers

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed statement. "Some beasts were not talking beasts, for only the chosen beasts could talk"

All talking beasts were chosen beasts (some beasts were not chosen beasts) some beasts were not talking beasts.

# Translate the given enthymeme into a complete, standard categorical syllogism. Place parenthesis around the assumed statement. "Some marriages are happy, so some imperfect relationships are not unhappy ones."

(No marriages are perfect relationships) Some marriages are happy relationships Some happy relationships are not perfect relationships

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT), affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If a number larger than two is prime, then it is an odd number. Twelve is not an odd number. Thus, twelve is not a prime."

Modus Tollens (MT)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT), affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If the student prepared for this test, then he can answer this question. Tom can answer this question. Therefore, Tom prepared for this test."

Affirming the consequent (AC)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT), affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If the sun rises in the west, then the moon is made of green cheese. The sun does rise in the west. Consequently, the moon is made of green cheese"

Modus Ponens (MP)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT), affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If next week is Christmas break, then this week is final exams. But this week is not final exams, so next week is not Christmas break"

Modus Tollens (MT)

Identify the hypothetical syllogism as modus ponens (MP) modus tollens (MT), affirming the consequent (AC) or denying the antecedent (DA). "If you buy flowers for your wife then she will be happy. Bill did not buy his wife any flowers. Therefore, Bill's wife will not be happy."

Denying the Antecedent (DA)

Write a valid syllogism which establishes the given statement as a conclusion, using the mood and figure given in parenthesis. "Some pirates are evil men" (AII-1)

All thieves are evil men Some pirates are thieves some pirates are evil men

Write a valid syllogism which establishes the given statement as a conclusion, using the mood and figure given in parenthesis. "Nobody's perfect" (EAE-2)

No perfect men are sinners all men are sinners no man is a perfect man

what is an immediate inference

An immediate inference is a statement that can be inferred directly from another statement

What is the converse of a statement

A converse of a statement is a statement that reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid in E and I statements

What is the obverse of a statement

The observe of a statement is a statement of the opposite quality, with a negated predicate. It is valid for all statements.

What is the contrapositive of a statement?

The contrapositive of a statement is a statement that reverses and negates both the subject and predicate of the original. It is valid for A and O statements.

What is the complement of a term?

The complement of a term is the set of all terms not included in the given term. Thus the complement of P is non-P.