Quiz 2 Flashcards by Ariyana Williams

Inflammation

migration of WBC

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Name a few causes of cellular injury

irreversible injury to a cell leads to

chemical factors, ischemia, physical factors, genetic factors, immune reactions, nutritional factors

necrosis or apoptosis (cell death)

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For resistance levels to stress the lower you start on the scale or graph of stress the faster you’ll

As the stages progress from alarm to resistance to exhaustion the body will

exhaust

typically the body will maintain resistance at higher levels each session

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Cells can be forced out of homeostasis by

If a cell has an inability to adapt it will lead to

stress or injury

cellular injury

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TNF

tumor necrosis factor

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Cellular sources of TNF

Mediators of TNF production

TNF target genes and proteins

macrophages, B lymph, T lymph, fibroblasts, tumor cells

infection: viral, fungal, bacterial
inflammation: immune complexes, IL-2, IL-1

enzymes, apoptosis, cytokines

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Viruses impact cells directly by …

disrupting cell processes or altering cell integrity

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Types of cell injury

When cells get attacked they start to ….

normal, reversible, or irreversible

look different (whether irreversible or not)

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Types of reversible cell injury
and their causes (5)

atrophy: caused by lack of use or stress
hypertrophy: high BP
hyperplasia: imbalance of estrogen and progesterone
metaplasia: smoking
inter/intracellular cellular accumulation

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Types of irreversible cellular injury

apoptosis
necrosis
gangrene

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Apoptosis Vs Necrosis

Cell size, plasma membrane, adjacent inflammation

A: reduced cell size, plasma membrane is intact with altered structure, no adjacent inflammation
N: enlarged swelling of cell, plasma membrane is disrupted, frequent adjacent inflammation

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Types of necrosis

coagulation, caseous, liquefactive, fatty, fibronoid

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Granulation tissue is expected in

healing (new connective tissue)

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Granuloma

tiny cluster of WBC and other tissues

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Types of exudates

hemorrhagic (bright red or bloody) and serosanguineous (yellow or pink)

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Mass signals that the body responds to

cytokines, hormones

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Cytokines

broad category of small proteins important in cell signaling

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Ogin

precursor

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Process of forming a blood clot

fibrin

fibrinogen

blood coagulation

protein that causes clotting

liver produced protein that is a major component of a clot

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Involved in major protein production of the body

liver

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The 2 types of clots

embolys: formed from circulation
thrombis: formed for purpose

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Lysis

breakdown

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3 types of collagen

other
fast
long standing

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Collagen function

helps tissues be strong and resilient and have the ability to withstand stretch

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Elastin function

allow tissues in the body to stretch out and shrink back

Conditions that may affect healing Factors that may influence healing

coronary artery disease, COPD growth factors, tobacco use, nutrition, general health, presence of comorbidities (cancer)

The phases of normal wound healing after injury in order

homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling (maturation)

ECM

extracellular matrix

Keloids This is most common in which race, gender, and age

excess collagen accumulation and the fibrous scar is raised African>Asian>White Men>Woman Old>Young

Repair vs regeneration

Rg: restitution of tissue components Rp: patching rather than restoring

Skeletal muscle has a good capacity to heal but

connective tissue impedes function and there is a rapid loss of function

Tendons and ligaments heal quickly by

homeostasis, inflammation, and promotion of ECM

Disc degeneration is caused by Injury is most common in the

nucleus losing the ability to absorb water, becoming dehydrated, and then changes occur in the collagen/ECM AM

The _______ system is important in acute?early phase of the inflammatory system

complement

Cells of the immune system

T cells, B lymph, T helper cells, Macrophages, Dendritic, NK, Neutrophils, Mast,

Opsonization

an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

Anything that does not belong

antigen

During an immune response what does the spleen do What do the lymphatic vessels do

filters blood/removes RBC/activates lymphocytes collect lymph, returns to circulation

Where are lymphocytes containes

lymph nodes/ appendix

Lymph

clear to white fluid made of WBC (lymphocytes) - the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissue

How much Buffy coat should be in blood? More than regular buffy coat indicates

<1% (leukocytes and platelets) infection

During exercise your plasma volume shrinks by what % in the cold months

10%

RBC aka function

erythrocytes carry oxygen from lungs and deliver throughout body

WBC aka function

leukocytes help body fight infection and disease

platelets aka function

thrombocytes creating blood clot, prevent and stop bleeding

Neutrophils are ..... What do they do when they cannot kill off something

WBCs that constitute a defense against foreign substances (usually bacterial infections) - they are the largest in number (2500-8000) surround it

Lymphocytes respond to .. Monocytes clean up .. Eosinophils .. Basophils release histamines during an ..

-viral infection -debris after neutrophils have done their job -play a role in asthma and allergy -allergic reaction

Where are neutrophils and eosinophils and monocytes found Where are basophils found Where are mast cells found Where are dendritic cells found

bone marrow bloodstream connective tissue Gl, lungs

Monocyte vs. Macrophage

Mo: there are not a-lot circulating, they need signals, they produce in lymph tissue Ma: occur when monocytes are fully formed and ready to go with a purpose and they are dedicated to the process until they die (Monocytes become Macrophages)

B cells create T cells are found largely in the

antibodies thymus

T helper (CD4+) cells activate T cytotoxic (CD8+) cell release

B and T cells cytokines

Natural killer NK cells function

kills cells infected with viruses, tumors etc.

Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called function

Immunoglobulins directly attack antigens, activate complement system, release histamine in tissue and blood,

Natural vs Artificial - Acquired Immunity

ACTIVE N: natural contact and infection with antigen A: inoculation of antigen (vaccination) PASSIVE N: natural contact - through mother or breast milk A: inoculation of antigen

Examples of epithelial barriers that break down bacteria

ear wax, mucos

MAC (membrane attack complex) creates

a wedge to tear apart membrance during attack

Exterior defenses of immune system

mucosa, nasal hair, skin

In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (low-moderate) which cells increase in number and activity

NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, antibodies

In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (high intensity/duration) which cells increase or decrease in number and activity

increase in lymphocytes, increase decrease or no change in NK cells, increase decrease or no change in neutrophils, more pro inflammatory response lasting up to 72 hrs

Factors that affect immunity Factors that increase exposure to pathogens

aging, sex/hormonal influences, trauma, sleep disturbances, medications, stress, surgery urinary catheters, chest tubes, endotracheal tubes, external fixation devices

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders) mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 1: IgE mediated reaction) - rate of development -class of antibody involve -principal effect or cells involved -complement participation -examples of disorders

-immediate -IgE -Mast cells -No -seasonal allergic rhinitis

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders) mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 2 Tissue specific reaction) - rate of development -class of antibody involve -principal effect or cells involved -complement participation -examples of disorders

-immediate -IgG, IgM -macrophages in tissues -frequently -autoimmune thrombocytopenic pupura, graves disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders) mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 3 Immune complex-mediated reaction) - rate of development -class of antibody involve -principal effect or cells involved -complement participation -examples of disorders

-immediate -IgM, IgG -neutrophils -yes -systematic lupus erythematosus

(Disorders of the immune system - hypersensitivity disorders) mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 4 cell mediated reaction) - rate of development -class of antibody involve -principal effect or cells involved -complement participation -examples of disorders

-delayed -none -lymphocytes, macrophages -no contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)

Specialized cells that release histamine

Mast cells

What happens when mast cells release histamine

degranulation, which initiates mucus production, redness inflammation and other allergic reactions

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity reactions What does this activate

An abnormal immune response that is mediated by the formation of antigen- antibody aggregates called immune complex neutrophils and complement system

Symptoms of systematic lupus erythematosus

red patches on skin severe abdominal pain hair loss pain in muscles and joints mouth and nose ulcers

What does type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed type HS) provoke

inflammatory response including complement system which leads to edema and dermatitis of the skin

Example of T cell mediated disease Examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases Types of systematic diseases

- MS - DM - crohns disease - graves disease - MS - Myasthenia gravis

Example of primary genetic immunodeficiency disease Example of secondary How many people pass from AIDS each year?

DiGeorge syndrome AIDS 18k

-What increases in asymptomatic HIV -How long does this phase last symptoms -What increases in symptomatic HIV -What symptoms are included

-CD4+ >500 cells/mm^3 -1-20 years -fatigue, lymphadenopathy -CD4+ 200-500 cells/mm^3 -diarrhea, weight loss, neurologic

What are the neurologic symptoms of Advanced HIV (AIDS- Aquired Immunodeficiency Disease) Musculoskeletal symptoms? Others?

-pain and peripheral neuropathies (distal sensory), impaired sensation, weakness -osteoporosis, muscle wasting -rheumatoid, lymphomas

Medical management for HIV/AIDS risk of transmission is __ from client to patient

physical activity/exercise, highly active antiretroviral therapy, vaccines low

-Symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome -most common in which race -associated with _____ infections -includes which WBC

-unexplained fatigue for longer than -six months -white -viral -T lymph, NK cells

Quiz 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)