Quiz 2

Question 1

A function of amoebocytes is…

Answer 1

ingestion

Question 2

Which researcher, while studying insular taxa occurring in the Indonesian Archipelago, came to the conclusion that the unique environmental selective pressures that act upon populations of spp on these islands accounts for the different phenotypic forms which differ from their mainland counterparts?

Answer 2

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 3

In the case of cichlid fish that occupy the African Rift Lakes, introduction of this sp may lead to extinction of most, if not all, spp.

Answer 3

Nile perch

Question 4

Diffusion dispersal is where individuals of a population disperse on their own power over un-inhabitable terrain during the course of their lifetime. (T/F)

Answer 4

False (Need habitable terrain to cross)

Question 5

Spermatozoa “enter” the sponge through the…

Answer 5

Ostia

Question 6

Plants that are vascular, produce seeds, but do not flower or produce fruit.

Answer 6

Gymnosperms

Question 7

ESSAY: What is “evolution”? What is the mechanism by which it operates and at which hierarchical level of organization? What is the role of the environment in evolution? Describe an example of an organism that demonstrates this relationship.

Answer 7

Evolution is noted heritable change across time. It operates primarily by natural selection and it occurs at the population hierarchical level. The environment poses selective pressures on the populations, and those with the best phenotypes are at an advantage for survival in that particular area. An example of a species undergoing evolution via natural selection is the European Pepper Moth. When the industrial revolution came around in Europe, these moths were no longer able to hide well from predators because they were originally very light in color, but now in a very dark and smoggy environment. This led to the lighter ones being eaten, and the darker ones surviving. This enabled the genes for the darker phenotype to be inherited over time so the species could survive in their changed environment.

Question 8

Which school of taxonomy classifies organisms based on synapomorphic characters which define branch point on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 8

Phylogenetics or Cladistics

Question 9

Which of the following is in the correct order with regard to inflowing water in an Asconoid sponge?

Answer 9

Ostia, spongocoel, osculum

Question 10

The cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis, often accompany cattle or other large mammals, catching insect and small vertebrate prey disturbed by these animals. This sp maintains a special relationship with cattle, which extends to other large grazing mammals; wider human farming is believed to be a major cause of their suddenly expanded range. The cattle egret removes ticks and flies from cattle and consumes them. This benefits both spp, but it has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases. How would you categorize the symbiosis between Cattle Egrets and cattle?

Answer 10

Mutualistic

Question 11

Natural chalk, such as that found forming the White Cliffs of Dover, is composed of tests of…

Answer 11

Foraminiferans

Question 12

What is the academic discipline called where one gives names to spp?

Answer 12

Taxonomy

Question 13

Entamoeba & Amoeba are classified in…

Answer 13

Rhizopoda

Question 14

The type of speciation event that allowed Darwin’s Finches to diversify upon filling open niches on the Galapagos Islands

Answer 14

Adaptive radiation

Question 14

The number and variety of spp, ecological systems, and the genetic and phenotypic variability they contain may be defined as…

Answer 14

Biodiversity

Question 15

Which of the following could not function as a secondary reproductive isolating mechanism?

Answer 15

All functions as secondary reproductive isolating mechanisms (behavior, seasonal breeding - temporal, zygote mortality, morphological incompatibility)

Question 16

A sp that is considered monoecious has distinct sexes, male or female. (T/F)

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Plants that are vascular, produce seeds, flower and produce fruit.

Answer 17

Angiosperm

Question 18

The mass extinction event at the end of this period marked the greatest loss of spp ever documented, up to 90% of all spp (terrestrial and marine/aquatic), with up to 80% of all genera. What was this event called?

Answer 18

Permio-Triassic Extinction

Question 19

A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is considered:

Answer 19

monophyletic

Question 20

The function of flame cells is…

Answer 20

Excretion of metabolic wastes and Osmoregulation (A and C)

Question 21

Fossil specimens of the mammal-like reptile Lystrosaurus have been found in stratigraphic rock along the east coast of S America, W Africa, and along the Antarctic continent. Which of the following accounts for the occurrence of this genus in three such physically disparate geographic locations?

Answer 21

Continental Drift

Question 22

The delineation of a sp based on percent sequence divergence of the cytochrome b gene using the “Molecular Clock” would be which of the following:

Answer 22

Genetic Species Concept

Question 23

Which group of extant plants is the most similar to the likely ancestor of terrestrial plants? (Hint: I’m not looking for the ancestral green algae)

Answer 23

Charophyseans

Question 24

Mature (i.e., adult) stages of schistosomid trematodes infect…

Answer 24

Definitive Hosts

Question 25

The field that studies the geographic distribution of plants is called

Answer 25

Phytogeography

Question 26

A major evolutionary transition from one type of organism to another occurring at the level of the species and higher taxa is called…

Answer 26

Macroevolution

Question 27

When two biological species have identical resource requirements, there will be fierce competition where one sp will always win out over the other sp. As a results, no two sp may occupy the same fundamental, ecological niche. The term for this is referred to as…

Answer 27

The Competitive Exclusion Principle

Question 28

If you were looking for a “glass sponge,” you would most likely find on in which of the following places?

Answer 28

Deep water (200m-1000m deep)

Question 29

The most speciose group of non-vascular, non-seeded plants are called the…

Answer 29

Bryophytes

Question 30

In what location are the choanocytes in Syconoid body plans found?

Answer 30

Radial Canals

Question 31

Define what a “Biological Species” is, and which biologist proposed this concept and when.

Answer 31

A biological species is defined as a group of phenotypically similar individuals who freely interbreed under natural conditions and who are reproductively isolated from other such groups. This was proposed by Ernst Mayr in 1942.

Question 32

When Napolean’s armies marched on Egypt, it was said that if his armies set foot on the soil of Egypt, they would be subjected to the “Pharaoh’s Curse.” History indicates that this warning was unheeded and Napoleon’s armies invaded Egypt. However, historical records from Napoleon’s medical doctors described a serious illness where the men’s urine was tainted with their own blood. This condition is called “hematuria.” In this case, it was caused by a parasite that infects the urinary bladder, and eggs are voided with the individual’s urine. The eggs hatch into free-swimming larva called miracidia, which enter a snail host. from the snail the free-swimming cercariae search for a human host and will bore through the skin and enter the bloodstream. From here, they go to the liver, then eventually to the bladder and the cycle repeats itself. Which parasite is responsible for “Pharaoh’s Curse”?

Answer 32

Schistosoma haematobium

Question 33

The ability for a mammal to maintain constant internal conditions (e.g., temperature) despite fluctuating external environmental conditions is called…

Answer 33

Homeostasis

Question 34

The change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population due to four different processes: mutation, selection, gene flow, and genetic drift is called…

Answer 34

Evolution

Question 35

Entamoeba coli captures food by means of…

Answer 35

Pseudopods

Question 36

The process by which competing spp use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist, often sympatricly is called.

Answer 36

Resource (niche) partitioning