Quiz 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Brain Percentage from birth to age 2

Answer 1

Birth=25% and age two=70% brain weight

Question 2

2 Year brain weight/height/weight

Answer 2

75% brain weight- ½ adult height- ¼ adult weight

Question 3

Transient Exuberance and amount of neurons

Answer 3

5x more dendrites (35% skull growth in first year)

100-200 billion neurons

Question 4

Synaptic density

Answer 4

Neurons decrease but the amount of synapses increases (2 Million per second w/ total of 100 trillion at age 2)

Question 5

Synaptic pruning

Answer 5

Axons that are not used are removed and remaining 2/3 of axons become more effective (Use it or lose it)

Question 6

Growth of frontal lobes and cerebral cortex

Answer 6

Frontal lobes develop faster then rest. Cerebral cortex splits into two sides.

Question 7

Toddlers signs of brain development

Answer 7

enjoy routines, doing chores, ect

Question 8

Early childhood brain development

Answer 8

axons continue to decrease, right and left brain tendencies appear. Motor development increases along with attention. Hypocampus is developed and able to have long term memory

Question 9

Affordances and examples

Answer 9

are educational rich experiences that promote development such as toys-balls, pots, bottles, ect. Has more chances for play.

Question 10

Know about axons-dendrites

Answer 10

Axons send and dendrites receive

Question 11

Infancy Gross motor development

Answer 11

3 Months roll over
6 months Can sit up and
9-15 months for first steps and could become walking

Question 12

Infancy Fine motor development

Answer 12

3-6 months to reach and grabbing and picking up items and transferring objects (pincer grasp)

Question 13

Toddler Gross motor development

Answer 13

9-17 months- stand alone and walk without support (improved balance)
11-21 months- stand on one leg and climb onto chairs/bed/ect (11 months is usual time to walk)
13-22 months- walk backward and run
16-30 months- jump in place and walk on tiptoes
22-36 months- walk up and down stairs

Question 14

Toddler fine motor development

Answer 14

7-16 months- hold writing instrument and coordinate hands (multi task)
10-21 months- build tower of two blocks and scribble vigorously
12-18 months- feed self with spoon
15-23 months- build tower of 3-4 blocks
20-28 months- draw straight line on paper
24-32 months- brush teeth
26-34 months- tower of 8-10 blocks
29-37 months- copy circle

Question 15

Early Childhood motor skills

Answer 15

Running jumping
Boys are good with strength and girls are good at balance
Fine
Can dress themselves and cut food up, brush teeth, scissors (allows indepence and responsibility and show preference between right and left hand)

Question 16

Infants

Answer 16

Need fat and nutrition (breast milk)
4-6 months solid food is introduced such as soft rice food
1 ½ to chew and swallow

Question 17

Toddlers eating habits

Answer 17

Winged and eat similar to adults by age 2
High choloric needs
Important to learn how to eat healthy- vegetables (be an example)

Question 18

Early childhood eating habits

Answer 18

Eat and enjoy whatever is given by care giver

Food preference change a lot

Question 19

Circular reactions

Answer 19

one action and receives a responce from outside world

Question 20

Primary circular action

Answer 20

intentional reflexes

Question 21

Secondary circular actions

Answer 21

(4-8 months)- repetition of actions that happened by accident to make an interesting event last

Question 22

Tertiary circular reactions

Answer 22

(18 months)- intentional doing actions to discover affects

Question 23

Habituation

Answer 23

When a stimulus is given to a child many times and the child adapts to the stimulus and stops reacting the same because the child is use to it and no longer interested. Used a lot in testing.

Question 24

Stages of Language Development

Answer 24

2-4 months- cooing (gurgling sounds)
4-10 months- Babbling (constant vowel rep)
8-10 months- First gestures (Bye-Bye)
10-12 months- Comprehension of words and spoken sentences
12 months- first spoken word

Question 25

Stranger and separation anxiety

Answer 25

9-15 months is when it peaks. Stress when separated from primary care giver. 6 months is when stranger anxiety starts. Because a secure attachment has been created.

Question 26

Types of temperament

Answer 26

Early formation of personality Irritability, Activity level, emotional, motor development, sooth-ability, attention span, sociability, adaptability, overall mood

Question 27

Easy temperament (40%)

Answer 27

Very happy, no intense emotions, happy to be passed around

Question 28

Slow to warm up temperament (15%)

Answer 28

Clingy at first, mild emotion and doesn’t want to be passed around but will after being around people long enough

Question 29

Difficult temperament (10%)

Answer 29

clingy, wants to go home, only wants to be with mother

Question 30

Boulbe- attachment theory

Answer 30

Relationship between infant and care giver. First attachment in social world so it influences all future social development Parent is secure base and explores form this secure base and with out attachment it is hard to trust.

Question 31

Secure

Answer 31

the child will go straight to mother and stop crying and continue to play when she is back. The mom is a secure base that the mother is back. Baby is soothed in seconds of return

Question 32

Insecure

Answer 32

baby latches onto parent and refuses to let go or when a parent leaves they don’t care.

Question 33

Avoidant

Answer 33

mom comes into room and child immediately runs to mom and becomes quiet. Glued to mom and won’t leave her. Just wants to be held

Question 34

Resistant

Answer 34

Child is sorta comforted and puts child down and tries to play but comes back because fussy

Question 35

Sensitivity

Answer 35

How we respond to the child- respond in correlation to age

Question 36

Responsiveness

Answer 36

when a child needs something you are there for child

Question 37

Reciprocal socialization

Answer 37

Children and Parents have effects on each other in life and is not one way. Has a role in the attachment theory and temperament. One baby could make a parent a certain way or vice versa. Ex: if a child is disobedient then a parent will be authoritarian

Question 38

Toilet Training: process, ages, signs

Answer 38

Occurs 3-4 years old 2 ½ to 3 in usa for potty training Look for dryness, interest to go to potty and asking, regular bowel movements that are consistent. Plan to remove diapers to let them learn. Give them 40 min until you take them to potty. Accidents are okay and positive reinforcement.

Question 39

Differences in girls and boys growth in early childhood

Answer 39

Boys are more taller and heavier and better with strength. Girls are good with coordination. Gender identities and schemes progress. Boys are aggressive and girls form social/relational aggression.

Question 40

Piaget’s pre-operational stage : what is happening here along with key concepts

Answer 40

``` 2-7 years old Ability to preform mental opperations Cognitive thinking that follows logical rules Magical thinking Symbolic thinking Reversability Classification Deferminitation understanding other people don’t understand your thoughts ```

Question 41

Magical thinking

Answer 41

magical explanation for actions

Question 42

Symbolic thinking

Answer 42

playing with dolls or drawing people

Question 43

Reversibility

Answer 43

ability to mentally reverse an ability to understand it. Children don’t have it

Question 44

Classification

Answer 44

things can be in many categories not just one. Ex: horse is a pet and animal

Question 45

Deferminitation

Answer 45

Child learns something from you but doesn't show you till later. Ability to retry actions after being seen. Ex: child sees brother tie shoe and tries it

Question 46

False belief task

Answer 46

Ex: someone puts an item down and leaves the room. Someone else comes in and moves the item and leaves. When the first person returns the child thinks he will look where the new person hid it.

Question 47

Private speech

Answer 47

(vygostsky) is where we speak to ourselves trying to guide or direct us almost giving ourselves instructions on how we will do something. Orgazational steps to preform cognitive tasks. First out loud then in our heads. Toddlerhood an early childhood are important to this speech. (saying steps to tie shoes)

Question 48

Egocentric

Answer 48

children speak their mind because they assume what everyone else is thinking and same point of view.

Question 49

Zone of proximal development

Answer 49

skills capable of being accomplished with some assistance. (weaning)

Question 50

Scaffolding

Answer 50

Assistance from a provider to a child in zone of proximal development. Breaking down a task into smaller steps and as a child begins to master the scaffolding should be reduced. A way to make kids learn by themselves with a structured help. Kid can kick with hands on his feet-can kick with instruction-can kick alone

Question 51

Preschool: What do we know about effects

Answer 51

Improved verbal skills, understanding and memory, listening and comprehension, socials skills are better, and independence increases

Question 52

The 5 steps to a successful preschool

Answer 52

Education and training-Training in early childhood education is better but not required Class size and teacher ratio- 5-10 students per teacher from ages 3-4 Age appropriate materials and activities- children learn better with hands on activities Teacher child interaction- frequent happening Make sure many changes happen

Question 53

Peers and Toddlers – how do toddlers play and interact with peers

Answer 53

Toddlerhood is when friendships start outside of family Be friends with someone similar to themselves such as we both like a slide. We both like running. More support from father the better

Question 54

Types of play in Toddlers

Answer 54

Solitary play- play alone Paralel play- play sde by side but not together (using the same slide but don’t speak) Simple social play- interact with once another. Simple play together such as waiting for someone to the top before going Cooperative and pretend play- real play

Question 55

Emotional Regulation

Answer 55

ability to control how and when you experience an emotion. major developmental task, can gain control over emotions. Not acting right away on emotions.

Question 56

Effortful Control

Answer 56

strategies and behaviors learned to control emotions

Question 57

Attention in Toddlerhood/Early childhood

Answer 57

Toddlers have short attention span- 2 to 3 min | Early childhood can have 10-15 min (4-5 year olds) attention span

Question 58

Infancy- Erikson's stages/name and explanation

Answer 58

Trust vs. Mistrust—Main developmental challenge is to establish a connection with a trusted care giver.

Question 59

Toddlerhood- Erikson's stages/name and explanation

Answer 59

Autonomy of shame vs. doubt—main developmental challenge is to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others. Own choices should be made like being dressed and putting dishes away

Question 60

Early Childhood- Erikson's stages/name and explanation

Answer 60

Initiative vs. guilt- main developmental challenge is to Initiate activities in a purposeful way. Emotional control should be achieved and be encouraged to take initiative. If they wanna bee independent let them be or else they will feel guilt. Promotes self esteem when you let them.

Question 61

Conservation

Answer 61

Amount of substance remains the same even in shape/appearance changes. Quantities are not understood such as a glass with water and then poured into a thinner glass. The child will say the thinner glass has more.

Question 62

Centration

Answer 62

Can only think about one part of a problem, preventing them seeing other aspects. Child could complain there is little ice cream in a big bowl but really the bowl is just big.

Question 63

Egocentrism

Answer 63

children focused on themselves and don’t take of perspectives of other people. not being able to determine between your point of view and another person’s point of view and assume everyone sees and thinks as they do. A child gives a father her stuffed animal to make him happy because it makes her happy.

Question 64

Authoritative parents and what the benifits for the child

Answer 64

These parents have rules and enforce these rules. They do it with love though and explain why the consequence is happening instead of just being rigid. They can also make negotiations if the child is clever and compliant. COMMUNICATE RULES AND WHY. Independent-Creative-Self assured-socially skilled

Question 65

Authoritarian parents and what the benifits for the child

Answer 65

Have strict rules and there is no compromise or explanation to the rules. Not much love but rules will be followed. Not much discussion. Just no and that’s that. Depended-passive-conforming

Question 66

Permissive/endulgent parents and what the benifits for the child

Answer 66

These parents don’t have clear or set rules and just try to love their child to death. They would never discipline their child due to fear it would hurt them. Irresponsible-conforming-immature

Question 67

Disengaged parents and what the benifits for the child

Answer 67

Just don’t care about rules and does not show love.

Question 68

Infancy concerns

Answer 68

3-4 months children’s sleep at night Parents notice autism SIDS- sleeping face down or with stuffed animals

Question 69

Toddlerhood concerns

Answer 69

Repeat actions they see Emotional self regulation starts They think they know a lot (due to sense of self). They say no a lot

Question 70

Early childhood concerns

Answer 70

They start to socialize Gain weight Promote healthy eating habits Let them do things on their own and help when needed

Question 71

Nambia babies video

Answer 71

many caregivers, breastfed, kangaroo care, in environment

Question 72

Mongolia babies video

Answer 72

spent time by himself, breast fed, livestock and animals, cultural activities, bucket baths

Question 73

Japan babies video

Answer 73

mother and father equal present, play dates and classes, emotional contagion, and visited many places

Question 74

San fran babies video

Answer 74

mother and father present, doctors, grandparents, and encouraged motor skills