Flashcards in Quiz 4 Study Guide Deck (51):
1
Emerging adulthood – age range, cultural variation
Ages 18-24/25
Peak of function & physical ability
Starting school, careers
Dev. Period lasts longer in European Countries due to help from government
Non-Existent in other cultures
2
Emerging adulthood ages for marriage
60’s
21M, 23F for average age of Marriage
Now
29M, 27F average age for marriage
increase because of increased education
more opportunities for women
less dependence on men
3
Relationships between adult children and parents →
Western Culture
Considered an emerging adult when one can take responsibility for his/herself
Financially independent (individualistic)
4
Relationships between adult children and parents →
Eastern Cultures
Very collectivistic
Supporting families or their parents
5
Differences in Males and Females in work and household labor
Science, Tech, Engineering, male careers
Nursing, Teaching, female careers
Labor is less conformed but still exist
Women more likely to stay at home
Women are work and come home to take care of kids
More likely to go on maternal leave
Most likely to come back after it
Most likely to communicate feelings
6
3 Main Characteristics of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
Passion- How sexual attractive one is
Intimacy- How well you know the person
Commitment- how willing you are to commit
7
Sternberg's Types of Love
Liking
(Intimacy Alone)
8
Sternberg's Types of Love
Empty Love
(Commitment alone)
Family who stays together for financial reasons
9
Sternberg's Types of Love
Infatuation
(Passion alone)
Young love/puppy love
10
Sternberg's Types of Love
Fatuous Love
(Passion + Commitment)
Whirlwind Romances, like Bachelor/Fiancee
11
Sternberg's Types of Love
Companiate Love
(Intimacy + Commitment)
Old couple
12
Sternberg's Types of Love
Romantic Love (Intimacy + Passion)
(Intimacy + Passion)
13
Sternberg's Types of Love
Consummate Love
(Intimacy+Passion+Commitment)
Ideal Love
14
Similarities between Heterosexual couples and gay and lesbian couples → focus on overlap rather than differences
There really isn’t any difference between them in terms of relationships.
Gay men have more sex, lesbians have the least sex
MORE OVERLAP THAN DIFFERENCE
Looking for commitment, affection, love and mutual respect
Mutual conflict
Labor & finances
Looking for similarities in relationships
Face more ridicule and hardships
15
Which groups have highest rate
Women have higher rates of obesity
higher among Latinos and African Americans
Lower among Whites and Asian Americans
HighEST among African American Women
Highest rates of Obesity are in Developed Countries, where people with low SES have the highest rates
16
Obesity stats
BMI over 25 is overweight
BMI over 30 is obese
13%-36% increase in obesity rates from adolescents to young adults
17
Problems in Emerging Adulthood
Binge Drinking
Substance Use
Stress
Eating Unhealthy Foods
18
Problems in Adulthood
Reduced B and T cells
Lack of sleep, exercise, etc. (too little or too much)
19
Job satisfaction in Middle Adulthood
Work satisfaction peaks in middle adulthood, especially in the 50’s
Satisfaction comes from expertise in field
Less focus on pay and more of enjoyment of the work
Glass Ceiling for women, and women are less satisfied
Also, many people lower their goals and expectations for work
Burnout is when they feel worn out from job
Burnout is higher in U.S than Europe
20
Involuntary Unemployment
When someone is laid off, they feel less satisfied
Usually to a job of lower pay
More likely to stay unemployed longer than young adults
21
Definition of expertise
Extensive knowledge and skills in a specific field
Takes 10 years of study to attain “expertise”
Reached in 20’s, sometime 30’s (Middle Adulthood)
Ex. Nurse celebrating 30th anniversary
22
Middle age periods – age ranges
Americans view to between 40-60
23
Seattle Longitudinal Study
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
1956, 5000 young, middle-age adults
young and middle adulthood
Decline in perceptual speed, divided attention, attention span, and short-term memory
Peak in Crystallized Intelligence
expertise
24
Physical appearance and baby boomers
gray hair
Skin loosens, muscle mass decreases
Wrinkles appear on eyes, forehead and neck
Saggy skin
Lighter skinned people exhibit aging earlier than people with darker skin tones
25
What happens to height and weight in middle age
Height remains intact until age 55
Bone and spine become less dense
Body mass decreases (body fat increases, lose muscle mass) and bone mass decreases
Height slowly declines AFTER 60
1.5 inches for men and 2 inches for women
26
Major health concern for middle aged adults
Sleep Problems
More common after age 40
1/4th of U.S adults report less than7 hours of sleep, even though recommended is 7-9 hours
27
Major health concern for middle aged adults
Osteoporosis
Bones become thin and brittle
Bones mass declines gradually in the late 30’s for most people
80% of people with Osteoporosis are female
Most at risk are women who have passed menopause, as estrogen levels decrease
28
Major health concern for middle aged adults
Cardiovascular Disease
#1 cause of death in adults
Risk Factors:
Smoking
Diet high in fat
Arteries build up with plaque, blocking arteries
Rates are lowest in Japan (low fat diet) and France (Red wine protects against cardiovascular disease)
Men are more at risk because of higher rates of smoking
29
Major health concern for middle aged adults
Cancer
2nd leading cause of death in adults
abnormal cells multiply, which form tumors which takes nutrients away from the body
Prostate Cancer is most common in men, while Breast Cancer is most common in women
30
Types of intelligence and which ones increase/decrease in middle age
Fluid Intelligence
Involves information-processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and the speed of synthesizing new information
All in all, decreases
Perceptual Ability declines steeply
Numeric Ability declines slightly
Spatial orientation rose until midlife
31
Types of intelligence and which ones increase/decrease in middle age
Crystallized Intelligence
accumulation of a person’s culturally-based knowledge, language, and understanding of social conventions
All in all, increases
Verbal ability, inductive reasoning, and verbal memory peaked in middle adulthood
Dualistic Thinking (early adulthood)
Problem can be solved in multiple ways, and not just one
Thinking Relativism
Comparing the different theories, commit to a set a values and why you have them
32
Know name of Eriksons stage in middle age (generativity vs. stagnation)
Generativity
Desire to contribute to the well-being to future generation
More aware of mortality, so they want to help others
Ex.
Helping raise children
Assuming leadership positions
Stagnation
Focusing on one’s self instead of future generations
No effort to improve themselves, putting themselves first
There is a crisis, whether to focus on self or future generations
33
Levinson’s research on midlife transitions: phase and differences between men and women → criticisms
Midlife Crisis
Period of uncertainty and trying to change their life, includes anxiety
Levinson
Claimed there was a midlife crisis in 3/4th of the men he interviewed
Did the same with women, and claimed a normative crisis
Criticisms:
He only interviewed 40 men, most who were highly educated and white
Midlife crisis scale
Early test of the midlife crisis hypothesis
administered to sample of men ages 30 to 60
none of the aspects of the midlife crisis were supported by the majority of men
Midlife is a time when positive characteristics peak such as Control at work, sense of financial security, and the feeling of being able to handle multiple daily responsibilities
The claim of universal midlife crisis is false and is a stereotype
34
Self contentment in Middle Adulthood – what happens to it
Increase is Self-Contentment, higher than in any other period in life
Identity Development ripens
Acceptance in identity and self
Fulfilling goals and making new life goals
Fulfilling of what you already are
Ex.
Being a parent and having a grandchild
Autonomy
Being less concerned with what others have
Environmental Mastery
Handling roles and responsibilities effectively
35
Results of the American’s Changing Lives studies → main findings
Longitudinal study that focused on difference between black and white Americans
Those with lower education status are more likely to experience chronic health problems or die at a younger age
Life events and stressors are clearly related to SES
Negative Lifetime events correlated with mortality
Financial Stress correlated with functional and health limitations
36
Sexual Activity in Early Adulthood
Stage where sexual activity peaks across all cultures
In most cultures, sex is seen as a way to ensure that the young adult couple have children
In the West, sex is seen as way for a couple to promote intimacy in their relationship, and is less focused on reproduction
Co-Habitation
More common in U.S
More likely to have multiple sexual partners
Men are more likely to be attracted to physical appearance
Women are more likely to be attracted to ambition and success
37
Know and be able to talk about difference between marital satisfaction and marital quality – be able to discuss what a couple with a set of given characteristics would look like
Martial Satisfaction
How happy one is in a relationship
Stability
How willing one is to stay in relationship
Marital Quality is dependent on both Satisfaction and Stability. Need Both.
M. Satisfaction is low, M. Stability Is high when first child is born
Non-Distressed Couples, High Satisfaction, High Commitment
Distressed couples have low Satisfaction and Commitment
38
The Divorce Process — be able to talk about what we know about what is important
Increases in 90’s and increasing in 2000’s but now decreasing.
40% of married individuals will experience divorce
Two Predictors
Those who are married younger are more likely to get divorced
Not good at picking a partner
Less financial stable
Bimodal Pattern of Divorce
7-year mark
divorce rates are highest
14-16 Year mark
couples do not love each other
and do not have a lot of conflict
39
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce
Criticism
Attacking partner for personality of character to prove yourself right or someone else wrong
40
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Defensiveness
When a person sees themselves as the victim to prove that they are not the problem
41
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Flooding
Intense physiological arousal that comes with conflict
Ex. Crying, yelling, heart rate increase
42
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Stonewalling
Physical or emotional withdrawal from conflict
43
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Failed repair attempts
Cannot say sorry or can’t apologize
44
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Harsh
Introducing conflict at inopportune times or in an aggressive way
45
Gottman – 7 predictors of divorce,
Contempt
Attacking partner’s sense of self to insult or psychologically harm them
46
Positive ideas from gottman
5-7 positive interactions for each negative interactions
Its okay to have negativity just outdo it
47
Positive ideas from gottman
Magic Ratio
5-7 positive interactions for each negative interactions
Its okay to have negativity just outdo it
48
Positive ideas from gottman
Bids for attention
being able to drop stuff and listen. Also means saying hold on one second I really want to hear this but can we tlak in 30 min. After 30 min you initiate this and show them you care. Then you give 100%
49
Positive ideas from gottman
Neutral argument starts
When conflict starts it needs to be brought up tastefully and don’t blindside
50
Positive ideas from gottman
Gendered
Accepting influence form your partner in nonimportant things is important. Mostly husbands need to do this.
Wife says hey you’re going a little fast wanna slows down? We should slow down. Woman don’t need to do this as much because woman do this at very high levels and that’s why its not as important.
51