Quiz 5

Question 1

Describe the main function of the central nervous system

Answer 1

Receiving, processing and responding to sensory information

Question 2

Describe the main function of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Feeds information to your brain from most of the senses

Question 3

Describe the main function of sensory neurons

Answer 3

converting external stimuli from the organism’s environment into internal electrical impulses.

Question 4

Describe the main function of motor neurons

Answer 4

carrying a signal from the CNS to an effector cell, which then carries out the desired response.

Question 5

Describe the main function of the somatic nervous system

Answer 5

Efferent neurons send electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands (voluntary ones)

Question 6

Describe the main function of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

Efferent neurons send electrical impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands (involuntary ones)

Question 7

Describe the main function of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

Prepares your body for fight to flight

Question 8

Describe the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

To relax or reduce the body’s activities

Question 9

Are the twelve cranial nerves considered part of the cns or pns?

Answer 9

They are apart of the pns because they are nerves and not the physical spinal cord

Question 10

Describe the structure of a neuron

Answer 10

Dendrites, an axon and the cell body or soma

Question 11

Describe the structure of glia

Answer 11

non-neuronal cells in the cns and the pns that do not produce electrical impulses

Question 12

Are the dorsal root ganglia considered part of the cns or pns?

Answer 12

The PNS and are located between the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the peripheral nerve terminals

Question 13

Describe the structure of ganglion

Answer 13

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the in the PNS

Question 14

Describe the structure of a nerve

Answer 14

A bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 15

Describe the structure of grey matter

Answer 15

regions in the brain with many cell bodies and dendrites

Question 16

Describe the structure of a tract

Answer 16

A bundle of axons in the CNS

Question 17

Describe the structure of white matter

Answer 17

Region in the brain with many axons covered in myelin

Question 18

Describe the structure of a sensory neuron

Answer 18

a cell body, long dendrites and a short axon

Question 19

Describe the structure of a motor neuron

Answer 19

cell body, short dendrites and a long axon

Question 20

Describe the general anatomy of the brain, including the lobes

Answer 20

Each hemisphere has a frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe. Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions.

Question 21

Describe the location and function of the cerebrum

Answer 21

In front of brain and initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature

Question 22

Describe the location and function of the diencephalon

Answer 22

deep in the brain underneath the cerebrum, and it is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 23

Describe the location and function of the thalamus

Answer 23

paired gray matter structure of the diencephalon located near the center of the brain, allowing for nerve fiber connections to the cerebral cortex in all directions

Question 24

Describe the location and function of the hypothalamus

Answer 24

deep in your brain, acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasi

Question 25

Describe the location and function of the brain stem

Answer 25

bottom part of your brain. It looks like a stalk that connects the rest of your brain to your spinal cord. Your brainstem sends signals from your brain to the rest of your body. It controls many subconscious body functions

Question 26

Describe the location and function of the midbrain

Answer 26

below the cerebral cortex and at the topmost part of the brainstem. This small but important structure plays a crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals

Question 27

Describe the location and function of the pons

Answer 27

a part of your brainstem, which links your brain to your spinal cord. That makes your pons a vital section of your nervous system, providing a route for signals to travel to and from your brain

Question 28

Describe the location and function of the medulla oblongata

Answer 28

bottom-most part of your brain. Its location where your brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body, helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

Question 29

Describe the location and function of the cerebellum

Answer 29

sits at the lower back of the brain, below, the rear cerebrum and behind the brain stem, primarily responsible for muscle control, including balance and movement.

Question 30

What are the names of the three meninges and where are they located

Answer 30

- Dura mater: This is the outer layer, closest to your skull. - Arachnoid mater: This is the middle layer. - Pia mater: This is the inner layer, closest to your brain tissue.

Question 31

What are the names of the four ventricles and where are they located

Answer 31

- 2 lateral ventricles (1 in each cerebral hemisphere) - third ventricle in the diencephalon - fourth ventricle in the hindbrain

Question 32

Describe the path taken by cerebral spinal fluid in the brain

Answer 32

- produced in the lateral ventricles - goes through the third and fourth ventricle - goes to subarachnoid space at base of brain

Question 33

What are some functions of the spinal cord

Answer 33

send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

Question 34

Describe what happens when the patellar tendon gets tapped

Answer 34

- stretches the quadriceps muscle - resulting in activation of the muscle spindle - afferent neuron of the muscle spindle, detecting stretch, sends a signal to the spinal cord - synapses directly with a motor neuron - causes the quadriceps muscle to contract

Question 35

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system based on the physiological situation to which they respond

Answer 35

- parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to a calm and composed state and prevents it from overworking - sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prepares the body for fight and flight response

Question 36

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system based on the location and neurotransmitter of the central neuron

Answer 36

- sympathetic nervous system use norepinephrine and epinephrine - parasympathetic uses acetylcholine

Question 37

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system based on the location and neurotransmitter of the ganglionic neuron

Answer 37

- parasympathetic ganglia tend to lie close to or within the organs or tissues that their neurons innervate - sympathetic ganglia are located at more distant sites from their target organs

Question 38

Describe the gating mechanism of ligand-gated, voltage-gated, mechanically-gated and leakage ion channels

Answer 38

- ligand-gated: channels are opened, or gated, by the binding of a neurotransmitter to a site - voltage-gated: open in response to changes in membrane potential - mechanically-gated: open and close in response to mechanical vibration or pressure (sensory receptors) - leakage ion: free flowing

Question 39

What is the typical resting membrane potential of an animal cell and what factors contribute to it

Answer 39

−70 mV. The resting potential is mostly determined by the concentrations of the ions in the fluids on both sides of the cell membrane and the ion transport proteins that are in the cell membrane

Question 40

Compare nerve impulses in unmyelinated and myelinated axons

Answer 40

myelinated axons go faster

Question 41

Describe how an action potential travels from the cell body to the axon terminal of a neuron

Answer 41

- axon becomes depolarized - the action potential jumps down the depolarized ends - once passed the membrane repolarizes

Question 42

Describe the mechanisms that return a neuron to its resting state once an action potential has been passed

Answer 42

it repolarizes, dips into hyper polarization then levels off until it depolarizes again for the next action potential

Question 43

Describe how an excitatory neurotransmitter causes an action potential to be produced in a postsynaptic cell

Answer 43

Through binding to postsynaptic receptors

Question 44

Name the specific neurotransmitter from the cholinergic system, amino acid and neuropeptide

Answer 44

- Amino acid: glutamate, GABA, glycine - Cholinergic: acetylcholine - Neuropeptide: neuropeptide

Question 45

What factors determine whether a neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect in a cell exposed to that neurotransmitter

Answer 45

the ions that can pass through the channel and their concentrations inside and outside the cell