Quiz 9

Question 1

Define synarthrotic what functional class of joints it is

Answer 1

A joint that is not moveable
- suture, gomphosis (fibrosis joints)
- synchondrosis (cartilaginous joints)

Question 2

Define diachronic and what functional class of joints it is

Answer 2

A joint that is freely moveable
- synovial joints

Question 3

Define amphirathrotic and what functional class of joints it is

Answer 3

A joint that is slightly moveable
- syndesmosis (fibrous joint)
- Symphysis (cartilaginous joint)

Question 4

What is a suture

Answer 4

• Immovable joint
• Jaggered ends that connect like a jigsaw
• Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

What is a syndesmosis

Answer 5

• bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
• bones are further apart that sutures
• eg. radius ans ulna

Question 6

What is gomphosis

Answer 6

• ligament dense regular connective tissue
• in the teeth in the sockets of the mandible and maxilla
• immovable (syntharotic)

Question 7

What is synchondrosis

Answer 7

• hyaline cartilage
• immovable (synarthrotic)
• joint between first rib and sternum

Question 8

What is symphysis

Answer 8

• fibrocartilage
• slightly moveable (amphiarthrotic)
• vertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 9

Describe the structure of synovial joints, using the knee as an example

Answer 9

• Freely movable (diarthrotic)
• Space cavity between bones
• Articular cavity, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage

Question 10

What are the types of allowed movements from synovial joints and give examples

Answer 10

• Gliding movement: back n forth (carpals and tarsals)
• Rotation: movement around longitudinal axis (rotation of radius around ulna)
• Angular: flexion/extension (elbow and knee)
• Circumduction: distal end moves while proximal doesn’t (circle with arm or leg)

Question 11

Describe each type of synovial joint and where you would find it in the body

Answer 11

• Plane joint: flat gliding motion (wrists, ankles)
• Hinge joint: angular movement in a singular plane (knees, elbow)
• Pivot joint: bone rotates inside another bone (dens of axis and atlas)
• Condyloid joint: convex fits into concave, angular and circumduction (radius/ulna and carpals)
• Saddle joint: rider on a horse, angular and circumduction (metacarpal of thumb and carpal)
• Ball and socket: all movements (shoulder, hip)

Question 12

Describe what muscular antagonism is using the forearm as an example

Answer 12

• bicep (agonist) contracts to raise forearm
• tricep (antagonistic) relaxes

Question 13

Define lever, fulcrum, resistance, effort

Answer 13

• lever: rigid rod that moves on a fixed point
• Fulcrum: fixed point upon which a lever moves (joint)
• effort: a force that tries to make the bone move
• resistance: object to be moved

Question 14

Describe first class levers and give an example in the human body

Answer 14

• Fulcrum is in the middle of load and lever
• tilting head back

Question 15

Describe second class levers and give an example in the human body

Answer 15

• Load is between fulcrum and effort
• standing on toes

Question 16

Describe third class levers and give an example in the human body

Answer 16

• Effort is between fulcrum and resistance
• flexing biceps

Question 17

What is the calculation for effort

Answer 17

effort = load x effort arm