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Ecology > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Populations w/ many small eggs show:

A

fewer differences in allelic frequencies

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2
Q

What type of egg supports an isolated population?

A

Large eggs, because they don’t drift as far. [they hatch earlier and feed earlier too for some reason]

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3
Q

Greater isolation leads to:

A

rapid gene differentiation

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4
Q

What are the 4 basic plant “forms”?

A
  • Graminoids - grass and grass-like plants
  • Forbs - herbaceous, non-graminoids
  • Woody Plants - woody thickening of tissues
  • Climbers - climbing plants and vines
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5
Q

Woody plants and climbers have _______ the mass of seeds than graminoids or forbs

A

5x

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6
Q

6 different seed dispersal strategies

A
  • Un-assisted - nothin special
  • Adhesion - hooks, spines, barbs
  • Wind - wings, hair
  • Ant - oil surface coating
  • Vertebrate - fleshy coating
  • Scatter-hoarded - store
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7
Q

What kind of seed production for disturbed habitats?

A

large number of small seeds

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8
Q

Compare vertebrate energy budgets before and after sexual maturity.

A

Before, they focus on maintenance and growth After, they expand their resources to include reproduction

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9
Q

What would we observe in fish species with a higher morality?

A

Higher relative reproductive rate

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10
Q

Which type of population selection has a per capita rate of increase, unpredictable environments and a high population growth?

A

R selection

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11
Q

Which type of population selection has a predictable envirornments and a population at carrying capacity?

A

K selection

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12
Q

What is one important trait that is associated with R-selected individuals?

A

More eggs

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13
Q

For the following, tell what selection is described:

  • High rate of increase
  • Competitive ability
  • Small body size
  • Few, large offspring
A
  • R-selected
  • K-selected
  • R-selected
  • K-selected
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14
Q

What are the 2 most important variables exerting selective pressure in plants?

A
  • Intensity of disturbance: something that destroys biomass
  • Intensity of stress: external factors limit productiveness
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15
Q

Plot Stress and Distribution in a punnett square, then derive the least to most extreme conditions.

A
  1. Low D; Low S
  2. Low D; High S
  3. High D; Low S
  4. High D; High S
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16
Q

Mode of resource competition in which there is a differential ability to acquire resource

A

Exploitative

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17
Q

Mode of resource competition in which there is direct aggressive interaction

A

Interference

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18
Q

Mode of resource competition within a species

A

Intraspecific

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19
Q

Mode of resource competition between 2 species

A

Interspecific

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20
Q

What key nutrient/element is needed for plant growth?

21
Q

With increased plant denisty, what 3 things occur?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Growth rate decrease
  2. Increase competition
  3. Mortality of competitors (self-thinning)
22
Q

All of the environmental factors that influence growth, survival, & reproduction of a species.

23
Q

What type of Niche is this:

  • Part “occupied”
  • Rea-restricted by interactions
Study These Flashcards
A

Realized niche

24
Q

What type of niche is described:

  • Hypervolume
Study These Flashcards
A

Fundamental niche

25
Describe the Principle of Competitive Exclusion.
* 2 species w/ identical niches cannot co-exist indefinitely * better competitor will win out
26
Co-existence can only be possible when....
Interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific competition
27
For co-existence to be possible on an isocline, the lines must \_\_\_\_.
cross
28
Tell what each variable on the graph represents * N1 * N2 * K1 * Intraspecific comp? * Interspecific comp? * K2 * Intraspecific comp? * Interspecific comp?
* N1 - number of species 1 * N2 - number of species 2 * K1 - carrying capacity of species 1 * Weak intra * Strong inter * K2 - carrying capacity of species 2 * Strong intra * Weak inter
29
What does this graph display? * What relationship must be true to support this kind of graph?
Co-existence of species * Interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific
30
Competition can restrict species to their ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
realized niches
31
What is character displacement?
2 species have directional selection to avoid niche overlap
32
The realized niches may be ___________ than the fundamental niche for a species in a location.
more narrow
33
The whole sum of an organism’s ecological interactions is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Niche
34
Lotka-Volterramodels predict the outcome of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Competition
35
What are the 3 overpopulation theories?
* Decimation by disease/parasitism * Physiological stress at high density * Starvation - reduced food
36
Explain why hare populations decrease in number. * ? * ? * ?
* Increase in population size leads to decreased food supply * Decreased food supply leads to starvation and weight loss * Starvation and weight loss leads to increased predation and lower pop. #'s
37
For both predators and prey to sustain, there must be: * ? * ?
* Refuges for prey * Immigration for predators
38
Defense mechanism in which swarms of dam fish huddle up together
predator satiation
39
Size can be used as a form of \_\_\_\_\_\_. Offering protection from predators.
Refuge
40
What are the 2 common types of mycorrhizae?
1. Arbuscular mycorrhizae - branching 2. Ectomycorrhizae - create a mantle around roots
41
What are the 3 components of Arbuscular mycorrhizae?
* Arbuscule - site of exchange * Hyphae - fungal filaments * Vesicles - energy storage organs
42
Plants with mycorrhizae yield _______ leaf water potentials
higher
43
How do mycorrhizae influence: * Leaf water potentials * Access to phosphorous * H2O conductivity
* higher * better access * more efficient H2O conduction by allowing more contact w/ moisture
44
What do ants benefit from while being with the Acacia trees?
* thorns give living space * beltian bodies give oil and protein * folliar nectaries give sugar
45
How do crustacean mutualists impact coral reefs?
Improving the chances coral will avoid attack by sea stars
46
How do MF crabs mutualize MF corals?
Increased lipids in crabs inhabiting corals
47
What is the impact of zooxanthellae on corals foo?
Zooxanthellae gain Nitron and Phosphorous from the coral Coral gain organic compounds from the Zooxanthellae
48
Corals control rate of Zooxanthellae growth and density by:
altering the secretion of organic matter
49
What type of relationsihp does a plant and ants have?
Mutualistic; the ant provides protection and the plant provides nutrients, ya feel?

Ecology (7 decks)

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