Quiz 5 (ch 7.5, Ch 8)

Question 0

A, D E K 
Readily stores in the body's adipose tissue
Toxic when taken in excess
Megadosing >10 X recommended intake
From supplements, not food

Answer 0

Fat soluble vitamins

Question 1

Carbon containing compounds that regulate a wide range of body processes

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

Toxicity: blurred vision
Deficiency: night blindness

Answer 2

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)

Question 3

Toxicity: hypercalcemia
Deficiency: rickets in children, osteoporosis and/or osteomalacia in adults

Answer 3

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Question 4

Toxicity: rare
Deficiency: hemolytic anemia, impairment of nerve, muscle, and immune function

Answer 4

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Question 5

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: impaired blood clotting

Answer 5

Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione)

Question 6

Water soluble vitamins (9)
Consumed on daily/weekly basis
Deficiency symptoms can arise quickly
Not stored in large amounts

Answer 6

Vitamin C
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (b2)
Niacin (b3)
Vitamin B6
Vitamin b12
Folate
Pantothenic acid B5
Biotin

Question 7

Naturally occurring inorganic substances

Not digested or broken down

Answer 7

Minerals

Question 8

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: beriberi

Answer 8

Thiamin (B1)

Question 9

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: ariboflavinosis

Answer 9

Riboflavin vitamin b2

Question 10

Toxicity: flushing, liver damage, glucose intolerance, blurred vision differentiation
Deficiency: pellagra

Answer 10

Niacin

Question 11

Toxicity: nerve damage, skin lesions
Deficiency: anemia, seborrheic dermatitis

Answer 11

Vitamin B6

Question 12

Toxicity: masks symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency, specifically signs of nerve damage
Deficiency: macrocytic anemia

Answer 12

Folate

Question 13

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: pernicious anemia, tingling and numbness of extremities

Answer 13

Vitamin B12 cobalamin

Question 14

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: rare

Answer 14

Pantothenic acid

Biotin

Question 15

Toxicity: nausea and diarrhea
Deficiency: scurvy, bone pain and fractures

Answer 15

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Question 16

Major minerals (7)
At least 100 my per day
Store >5g in the body

Answer 16

Sodium 
Potassium
Phosphorus
Chloride
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur 

(SSPPCCM)

Question 17

Trace minerals (8)
Less than 100mg per day
Store <5g in the body

Answer 17

Selenium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Zinc

Question 18

Toxicity: high blood pressure
Deficiency: muscle cramps

Answer 18

Sodium

Question 19

Toxicity: muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat
Deficiency: same, plus paralysis

Answer 19

Potassium

Question 20

Toxicity: muscle spasms, convulsions, low blood calcium
Deficiency: muscle damage, bone pain

Answer 20

Phosphorus

Question 21

Only in meat, fish, and poultry

Answer 21

Heme

Question 22

Plant and animal foods, iron fortified foods, supplements

Absorb about 25%

Answer 22

Non-heme

Question 23

Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: dangerous blood acid-base imbalances, irregular heartbeat

Answer 23

Chloride

Question 24

Toxicity: mineral and balances, shock, kidney failure, fatigue, mental confusion Deficiency: osteoporosis, convulsions, heart failure

Answer 24

calcium

Question 25

Toxicity: none known Deficiency: low blood calcium, muscle spasms or seizures, nausea, weakness, increased risk for chronic diseases (such as heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, and type two diabetes)

Answer 25

Magnesium

Question 26

Toxicity: none known Deficiency: none known

Answer 26

Sulfur

Question 27

Toxicity: brittle hair and nails, skin rashes, nausea and vomiting, weakness, liver disease Deficiency: specific forms of heart disease and arthritis, impaired immune function, muscle pain and wasting, depression, hostility

Answer 27

Selenium

Question 28

Toxicity: fluorosis of teeth and bones Deficiency: dental caries, low bone density

Answer 28

Fluoride

Question 29

Toxicity: goiter Deficiency: goiter,hyperthyroidism, cretinism in infant of mother who is iodine deficient

Answer 29

Iodine

Question 30

Toxicity: none known Deficiency: elevated blood glucose and blood lipids, damage to bring in nervous system

Answer 30

Chromium

Question 31

Toxicity: impairment of Nero muscular system Deficiency: impaired growth and reproductive function, reduce bone density, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, skin rash

Answer 31

Manganese

Question 32

Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; dizziness and confusion: rapid heartbeat; organ damage; death Deficiency: iron deficiency microcytic anemia (small red blood cells), hypochromic anemia

Answer 32

Iron

Question 33

Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; headaches; depressed immune function; reduced absorption of copper Deficiency: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, increased incidence of illness and infection

Answer 33

Zinc

Question 34

Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; liver damage Deficiency: anemia, reduce levels of white blood cells, osteoporosis in infants and growing children

Answer 34

Copper

Question 35

(Tea, spinach) decrease zinc and iron absorption

Answer 35

Oxalic acid

Question 36

Combine with other substances Phosphorylation occurs Combinations activate the vitamin then the compound is needed As a result vitamins help regulate metabolic pathways

Answer 36

B vitamins

Question 37

Easier to develop a toxic overload from supplements than food So micronutrients consumed as supplements may be harmful to health example a, C, E Most minerals have better absorption from animal sources versus supplements In most cases food is better

Answer 37

Micronutrient metabolism

Question 38

``` Vitamin C and cataract Vitamin D and colon cancer Vitamin E and complication of diabetes Vitamin K and osteoporosis Calcium and hypertension Chromium and type two diabetes Magnesium and muscle wasting and older adults Selenium and certain types of cancer ```

Answer 38

Prevent or treat disease

Question 39

Some vitamin like factors and trace minerals may have beneficial health effects, such as:

Answer 39

Carnitine, boron, nickel, silicon

Question 40

Do not directly provide energy Needed for generating energy from macronutrients B complex vitamins are particularly important in the system energy metabolism Often function as coenzyme Excess amounts excreted in urine or kidney

Answer 40

Vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism

Question 41

Thiamine coenzyme

Answer 41

TPP

Question 42

Riboflavin coenzymes

Answer 42

FAD | FMN

Question 43

Niacin coenzymes

Answer 43

NAD | NADP

Question 44

Vitamin B6 coenzyme

Answer 44

PLP

Question 45

Folate coenzyme

Answer 45

THF

Question 46

Pantothenic Acid coenzyme

Answer 46

CoA

Question 47

Biotin coenzyme

Answer 47

Biotin

Question 48

Vitamin B12 coenzyme

Answer 48

b12

Question 49

Organic molecule need it for enzyme activity, has carbon

Answer 49

Coenzyme

Question 50

Coenzymes that function primarily in energy metabolism

Answer 50

Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin

Question 51

Coenzymes that function and cell regeneration and red blood cells synthesis

Answer 51

Folate and vitamin B12

Question 52

Metabolism of carbohydrates and branched chain amino acids Assist in production of DNA and RNA and synthesis of neurotransmitters Good sources: pork products, sunflower seeds, beans, whole or enriched grains

Answer 52

Thiamin vitamin B 1

Question 53

Combination of three enzymes | Conversion of pyruvate acetyl CoA

Answer 53

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 54

Most important coenzyme

Answer 54

Thiamin pyrophosphate

Question 55

Main sources of thiamin

Answer 55

Meats and grains

Question 56

Involved in oxidation-reduction reactions Part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant) Light sensitive Ariboflavinosis: B2 deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes 1.3 mg per day (men); 1.1 mg per day (women) Succinic and fumaric acid

Answer 56

Vitami B2 (riboflavin)

Question 57

Main sources of riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Answer 57

Meats and enriched foods, dairy

Question 58

``` Two forms: nicotinic acid in Nicotinide Required for oxidation reduction reactions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (NADH, NAD) Can be made from amino acid tryptophan Pellagra 16 mg (many); 14 mg (women,) ```

Answer 58

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Question 59

Main sources of niacin

Answer 59

Meats and enriched grains

Question 60

Group of three related compounds Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis Necessary for metabolism of homocysteine Associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk

Answer 60

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Question 61

Main sources of pyridoxine

Answer 61

Garbanzo beans

Question 62

Works with enzymes are critical for DNA synthesis, so differentiation, amino acid metabolism, and repair damage cells Special role in embryo development

Answer 62

Folate

Question 63

Main sources of folate

Answer 63

Grains, legumes

Question 64

Includes a number of compounds that have a cobalamin center surrounded by a ring structure Works with coenzymes to assist D in a synthesis; essential for nervous system functioning

Answer 64

Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin

Question 65

Main source of vitamin B 12

Answer 65

Crabs

Question 66

Absolutely essential for fatty acid metabolism Necessary for coA formation required for synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, detoxification of drugs (liver) 5 mg per day for adults

Answer 66

Pantothenic acid

Question 67

Main sources of pantothenic acid

Answer 67

Mushrooms and whole grains

Question 68

Is considered a B vitamin Coenzymes for fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis Transfers CO2 and carboxyl in reactions Carbohydrates, fat, and protein metabolism

Answer 68

Biotin

Question 69

Vitamin like substance

Answer 69

Choline

Question 70

Component of thyroid hormones Hormones that regulate body temperature, metabolism Important for reproduction and growth Low or excessive intake interferes with thyroid function Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland

Answer 70

Iodine

Question 71

Iodine deficiency disorders

Answer 71

Cretinism, hypothyroidism

Question 72

Assist insulin and glucose uptake Supports immune function and growth Widely distributed in food

Answer 72

Chromium

Question 73

Cofactor in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and urea formation, bone matrix synthesis Part of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase)

Answer 73

Manganese

Question 74

Main sources of manganese

Answer 74

Pineapples and pine nuts

Question 75

``` A major mineral not a vitamin Component of thiamin and biotin Required by liver for alcohol detoxification Assist in maintaining acid-base balance Obtained from dietary proteins ```

Answer 75

Sulfur

Question 76

Impacts ability to perform physical activity | Diets high in unenriched processed foods

Answer 76

In adequate B vitamin intake