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FSU HUN 1201 > Quiz 6 (Chapter 10) > Flashcards

Quiz 6 (Chapter 10) Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

compounds that protect cells from the damage caused by oxidation

A

antioxidant

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2
Q

nutrients with antioxidant properties

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin A (precursor for beta-carotene)
Selenium

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3
Q

a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons

A

oxidation

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4
Q

a chemical reaction in which atoms gain electrons

A

reduction

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5
Q

unstable atoms that damages cell membranes

A

free radicals

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6
Q

oxygen molecule that becomes a free radical

A

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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7
Q

What metabolic process causes free radicals?

A

immune system fighting infections

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8
Q

What environmental factors cause free radicals?

A 
Pollution
Excess sunlight
Toxic substances
Radiation
Tobacco smoke
Asbestos
UV light
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9
Q

cannot eliminate exposure, but you can reduce it

A

remember this concept

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10
Q

free radicals form within the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes and steal electrons
damaged lipid molecules cause cell membrane to lose its integrity
causes damage to the cell and all systems affected by the cell
free radicals damage cell membranes, LDLs (bad cholesterol), cell proteins, and DNA

A

Free Radical Damage

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11
Q

diseases linked with free radicals

A 
heart disease
various cancers
diabetes
cataracts
alzheimer's disease
parkinson's disease
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12
Q

how do antioxidants work?

A

stabalize free radicals or oppose oxidation
Antioxidant Vitamins
Antioxidant minerals
phytochemicals

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13
Q

donate their electrons of hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage

A

antioxidant vitamins

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14
Q

act as cofactors within enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted

A

antioxidant minerals

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15
Q

help stabilize free radicals

A

phytochemicals

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16
Q

antioxidant enzymes

A

break down oxidized fatty acids (reducing the negative effect)
make more vitamin antioxidants available to fight other free radicals

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17
Q

3 most important antioxidant enzymes

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxide

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18
Q

converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide

A

superoxide dismutase

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19
Q

catalase

A

removes hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting to water and oxygen

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20
Q

glutathione peroxide

A

removes hydrogen peroxide and stops the production of free radicals in lipids

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21
Q

vitamin E

A

fat-soluble, absorbed with dietary fats
incorporated into the chtlomicron to be transported to the liver
part of liproprotein VLDL and LDL
90% stored in adipose tissue, cell membranes

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22
Q

forms of vitamin E

A

Tocopherol

Alpha-Tocopherol

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23
Q

tocopherol

A

biologically active forms of vitamin E

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24
Q

alpha-tocopherol

A

most active form, found in foods and supplements

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25
functions of vitamin E
protects PUFAs fatty cell components, and LDLs from oxidation (lower cvd risk) normal nerve and muscle development enhances immune system added to oil-based foods and skincare products to reduce rancidity and spoilage ** Improves Vitamin A absorption, if vitamin A intake is low
26
RDA for vitamin E
15mg alpha-tocopherol per day UL: 1,000 mg alpha-tocopherol per day determined to be sufficient to prevent erythrocyte hemalysis, (rupturing of RBC)
27
Food sources of Vitamin E
vegetable oils nuts, seeds, soybeans wheat germ, fortified cereals little vitamin E in deep-fried, processed foods (Vitamin E is destroyed by exposure to oxygen, metals, ultraviolet light, and heat
28
Vitamin E toxicity
supplemental doses nausea, intestinal distress, vomiting, and diarrhea increases anticoagulants effects (asparin, coumadin, warfarin) long-term use may cause hemorrhagic stroke
29
vitamin E deficiency
``` rare erythrocyte hemolysis leads to anemia anemia in premature infants loss of muscle coordination and reflexes, impaired vision, speech impaired immunity fat malabsorption ```
30
vitamin C
water-soluble "a-scorbic" acid two forms: ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid
31
functions of Vitamin C
``` synthesis of: collagen DNA Bile neurotransmitters (seratonin) carnitine (transports long-fatty acids) hormones (epinephrine, steroids) ensures appropriate levels of thyroxine hormone antioxidant for protecting LDL cholesterol from oxidation, lungs from ozone and cigarette damage, whit blood cells (enhances immune function) reduces formation of nitrosamines (cancer causing agent found in cured and processed meats) regenerates oxidized vitamin E enhances iron absorption ```
32
RDA for Vitamin C
90mg/day (men); 75mg/day (women) UL: 2,000mg/day for adults smokers require and additional 35mg/day
33
food sources of Vitamin C
fresh fruits and vegetables destroyed by heat and oxygen can be leached into boiling water minimize loss: steaming, microwaving, and stir-frying
34
vitamin C toxicity
only from supplements nausea, diarrhea, nosebleeds, abdominal cramps, iron accumulation harmful to people with hemochromatosis
35
hemochromatosis
absorb a lot of iron enlarged heart darker skin liver damage
36
vitamin C deficiency
rare in developed countries scurvy anemia high risk for deficiency among people with low fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol and drug abuse
37
scurvy
most common deficiency disease | bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness, wounds that fail to heal, bone pain and fractures, diarrhea, depression
38
beta-carotene
``` provitamin A (inactive form [precursor] of vitamin A to be converted to active retinol) phytochemical classified as a carotenoid not absorbed as well as vitamin A ```
39
functions of Beta-Carotene
``` weak antioxidant fights lipid oxidation in cell membranes enhances immune system protects skin from UV-ray damage protects eyes from damage, preventing or delaying age-related vision impairment ```
40
RDA for Beta-Carotene
not an essential nutrient so there is no RDA | 6 to 10 mg of beta-carotene/day from food sources may reduce the risk for cancer and cvd
41
Food sources of Beta-Carotene
red, orange, yellow, and deep-green fruits and vegetables absorbing ~20-40% of carotenoids Heat improves digestibility and absorption
42
Deficiency and toxicity of Beta-Carotene
Deficiency: none known Toxicity: none carotenosis is reversible and harmless supplementation is not recommended
43
vitamin A
fat soluble expressed as retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) stored mainly in the liver (90%) Received as retinol or retinyl esters
44
Active forms of Vitamin A
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
45
functions of vitamin A
antioxidant, not well established scavenges free radicals and protects LDL from oxidation essential for healthy vision cell differentiation (process by which stem cells mature into specialized cells) sperm production and fertilization bone growth
46
RDA for Vitamin A
900 micrograms/day for men 700 micrograms /day for women UL: 3,000 micrograms/day preformed Vitamin A
47
Food sources of Vitamin A
animal (liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods) plants (dark-green, orange, and deep-yellow fruits and vegetables that are high in beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A)
48
Toxicity of Vitamin A
mainly from supplementation birth defects, spontaneous abortion fatigue, loss of appetite, blurred vision, hair loss, skin disorders, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and damage to the liver and nervous system
49
deficiency of Vitamin A
night blindness xerophthalmia hyperkeratosis impaired immunity, failure of normal growth
50
selenium
trace mineral part of glutathione peroxidase enzyme system and spares vitamin E thyroxine production, basal metabolism, body temp
51
RDA for selenium
55 micrograms/day | UL: 400 micrograms/day
52
Food sources of selenium
meats, pork, seafood
53
toxicity of selenium
brittle hair and nails, skin rashes, vomiting, nausea, weakness, cirrhosis of the liver
54
deficiency of selenium
keshan disease kashin-beck diseases impaired immunity
55
additional antioxidants
copper, zinc, and manganese are part of the superoxide dismutase enzyme antioxidant complex iron is part of the catalase structure copper, iron, and zinc for blood health manganese: important cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism
56
cancer
a group of diseases characterized by cells growing out of control
57
tumors
immature undifferentiated cell masses that have no physiological function malignant (cancerous); benign (harmless)
58
Primary steps of cancer development
initiation promotion progression
59
risk factors for cancer
``` smoking unhealthful diets infectious agents ultraviolet radiation physical inactivity ```
60
antioxidant that prevent cancer
enhance immune system inhibit cancer cell growth prevent oxidative damage to cells
61
cardiovascular disease (CVD)
leading cause of death in adults (U.S.) | diseases of the heart and blood vessels (coronary heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis)
62
risk factors of CVD
``` obesity smoking hypertension diabetes high LDL cholesterol males before age 55 females before age 65 and postmenopausal ```
63
inflammation
c-reactive protein (CRP) increases the risk factor for heart attack marker for infammation (blood test) high risk for heart attack in the presence of normal cholesterol levels
64
antioxidants and CVD
vitamins E and lycopene (scavenged free radicals, reduce low-grade inflammation, reduce blood coagulation and clot formation)

FSU HUN 1201 (6 decks)

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