Quiz 8 (ch 11 & some of ch 12)

Question 1

phosphorus

Answer 1

an essential component of all cells, found in both plants and animals

Question 2

phosphate

Answer 2

the major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte

Question 3

functions of phosphorus

Answer 3

critical in bone formation
required for proper fluid balance
component of ATP, DNA, and membranes

Question 4

sources of phosphorus

Answer 4

high in protein-containing foods such as milk, meats, eggs
in processed foods as a food additive: smoothness, binding, and moisture retention
in soft drinks as phosphoric acid (milk-displacement effect)

Question 5

toxicity and deficiency of phosphorus

Answer 5

toxicity: muscle spasm and convulsions, seizures
Deficiency: rare in adults, can occur in alcohol abuse, premature infants, and elderly people with poor diets

Question 6

Magnesium

Answer 6

kidneys regulate blood magnesium levels

excess excreted in urine

Question 7

functions of magnesium

Answer 7

influences the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals
Mg2+ cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems
necessary for the production of ATP, DNA, and proteins
Supports vitamin D metabolism, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

Question 8

RDA for magnesium

Answer 8

women 19-30 yr: 310mg/day
women >30yr: 320mg/day
men 19-30yr: 400 mg/day
men >30yr: 420mg/day

Question 9

sources of magnesium

Answer 9

green leafy vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, seafood, beans, some dietary products
dietary protein enhances absorption and retention
phytates and fiber decrease the absoprtion

Question 10

magnesium toxicity

Answer 10

Excess supplements cause nausea, diarrhea, cramps, dehydration, acid–base imbalances
hypermagnesemia

Question 11

hypermagnesemia

Answer 11

Hypermagnesemia occurs in individuals with impaired kidney function

Question 12

magnesium deficiency

Answer 12

Hypomagnesemia

Question 13

hypomagnesemia

Answer 13

results in hypocalcemia

; associated with osteoporosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes

Question 14

fluoride

Answer 14

trace mineral

stored in teeth and bones

Question 15

functions of fluoride

Answer 15

develop and maintain teeth and bones

Question 16

Recommended intake of Fluoride

Answer 16

AI varies by gender and increases with age, ranging from 1 to 4 mg/day

Question 17

Sources of fluoride

Answer 17

fluoridated dental products
fluoridated water (not in bottled water)

Question 18

fluoride toxicity

Answer 18

fluorosis

Question 19

fluorosis

Answer 19

excess fluoride
increased protein content of tooth enamel and makes teeth porous; teeth become stained and pitted but free of dental caries

Question 20

fluoride deficiency

Answer 20

dental caries (cavities)

Question 21

osteoporosis

Answer 21

A disease characterized by:
Low bone mass
Deterioration of bone tissue
Fragile bones leading tobone-fracture risk

Compression of bone:
decreased height and disfigured

Question 22

kyphosis (Dowager’s hump)

Answer 22

shortening and hunching of the spine

Question 23

risk factors for osteoporosis – age

Answer 23

menopause: rate of loss increases to 3%/year
Men: higher absolute bone density
80% of those in US are women!
Smoking**
Poor nutrition
Physical inactivity

Question 24

modifiable risk factors

Answer 24

smoking
low body weight
low calcium intake
low sun exposure
alcohol abuse
history of amenorrhea
estrogen deficiency
testosterone deficiency
repeated falls
sedentary lifestyle

Question 25

nonmodifiable risk factors

Answer 25

``` older age caucasian or asian race history of fractures as an adult family history of osetoporosis female history of amenorrhea w/ no recognizable cause ```

Question 26

osetoporosis -- age

Answer 26

bone mass decreases with age age-related hormonal (estrogen and testosterone) changes influence bone density decreased vitamin D metabolism with age

Question 27

osteoporosis -- gender

Answer 27

adult women have lower bone density than men | low estrogen production

Question 28

osteoporosis -- smoking and poor nutrition

Answer 28

cigarette smoking alcoholism increase in urinary calcium loss (caffeine, higher intake of sodium) dietary protein and calcium interaction low calcium and vitamin D intakes (result in low bone density)

Question 29

osteoporosis -- physical inactivity

Answer 29

Regular exercise stresses bone tissues, stimulates bone density Weight-bearing activities (walking, jogging) are helpful in increasing bone mass Female Athlete Triad

Question 30

female athlete triad

Answer 30

Low energy availability (with or without eating disorders) Amenorrhea: hormonal changes (estrogen reduction) result in loss of menstruation Osteoporosis

Question 31

treatment for osteoporosis

Answer 31

``` Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake Regular exercise (weight-bearing) Medications: Anti-resorptive medications -- Bisphosphonates (Fosamax) Anabolic medications -- Parathyroid hormone ```

Question 32

functions of blood

Answer 32

transports nutrients and oxygen (RBC) to cells | removes waste products generated from metabolism

Question 33

erythrocytes

Answer 33

red cells transport oxygen through the body

Question 34

leukocytes

Answer 34

white cells are key to our immune system

Question 35

platelets

Answer 35

cell fragments assist in blood clotting

Question 36

plasma

Answer 36

fluid portion of the blood maintains adequate blood volume

Question 37

nutrients maintain healthy blood (6)

Answer 37

``` iron zinc copper vitamin K folate vitamin B12 ```

Question 38

iron

Answer 38

trace mineral component of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and myoglobin (muscle) component of cytochromes, elctron carriers within the metabolic pathways for energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and protein

Question 39

factors that alter iron digestion/absorption

Answer 39

``` individual's iron status level of dietary iron consumption type of iron in foods amount of HCL for digestion dietary factors enhance or inhibit absorption ```

Question 40

heme iron

Answer 40

found only in animal-based food | more absorbable

Question 41

non-heme iron

Answer 41

not as easily absorbed

Question 42

factors that promote iron absorption

Answer 42

meat factor (fat-free meat content) stomach acids vitamin C

Question 43

factors that impair iron absorption

Answer 43

phytate (legumes, rice, and whole grains) polyphenols (oregano, red wine, tea, coffee) vegetable proteins fiber calcium

Question 44

bioavailability of iron

Answer 44

from vegan diet - 10% | typical diet - 14-18%

Question 45

iron RDA

Answer 45

8mg/day adult men 18mg/day adult women (19-50) 27mg/day for pregnant women

Question 46

sources of iron

Answer 46

meat, poultry, fish, clams, oysters, liver, enriched or fortified cereals and breads supplements

Question 47

circumstances that improve iron status

Answer 47

use of oral contraceptives breast feeding consumption of iron-containing foods and supplements

Question 48

circumstances that diminish iron status

Answer 48

``` use of hormone replacement therapy eating a vegetarian diet intestinal parasite infection blood donation intense endurance exercise training ```

Question 49

iron toxicity

Answer 49

accidental overdose: most common cause of poisoning deaths in children symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea hemochromatosis

Question 50

hemochromatosis

Answer 50

excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage Treatment: reduce dietary iron, avoid high vitamin C intake, blood removal

Question 51

iron deficiency

Answer 51

most common nutrient deficiency in the world high risk: infants, young children, adolescent girls, premenopausal and pregnant women poor dietary intakes iron losses in blood and sweat diets high in fiber of phytates that bind iron low HCL poor iron absorption

Question 52

stage I, iron depletion

Answer 52

decreased iron stores reduced ferritin level no physical symptoms

Question 53

stage II, iron-deficiency erythropoiesis

Answer 53

decreased iron transport reduced transferrin reduced production of heme physical symptoms include reduced work capacity

Question 54

stage III, iron-deficiency anemia

Answer 54

decreased production of normal RBCs reduced production of heme inadequate hemoglobin to transport oxygen symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, reduced work performance, impaired immune and cognitive functions

Question 55

zinc

Answer 55

trace mineral

Question 56

functions of zinc

Answer 56

component of enzymes (heme synthesis) maintain structural integrity and shape of proteins assist in regulating gene expression

Question 57

dietary factors inhibit zinc absorption

Answer 57

high non-heme iron intake | phytates and fiber

Question 58

dietary factors enhances zinc absorption

Answer 58

animal-based protein

Question 59

zinc RDA

Answer 59

8mg/day women | 11mg/day men

Question 60

sources of zinc

Answer 60

red meats some seafood whole grains enriched grains and cereals

Question 61

zinc toxicity

Answer 61

Toxicity can occur from supplements Symptoms: intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting Depressed immune function Decreased high-density lipoprotein concentrations Interference with copper and iron absorption.

Question 62

zinc deficiency

Answer 62

Deficiencies are uncommon in the United States | Symptoms: growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, hair loss, impaired appetite, infections