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FSU HUN 1201 > Quiz 7 (Ch 10.5 & some of ch 11) > Flashcards

Quiz 7 (Ch 10.5 & some of ch 11) Flashcards

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1
Q

phytochemicals

A

phyto = plant
protects plants from UV, microbes, and oxidation
also protects humans
not considered to be a nutrient
present naturally in coffee fruits, vegetables, spices and beer

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2
Q

phytochemicals reduce the risk of ……

A 
CVD
cancer
diabetes
Alzheimer's disease
cataracts
age-related functional decline
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3
Q

functions of phytochemicals

A

reduces inflammation
enhances enzyme activity that detoxifies carcinogens/protects against cancer
enhance immune function: antibacterial/antiviral
reduce cardiovascular disease
anti-obesity

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4
Q

recent discoveries about phytochemicals

A

phytochemicals interact with each other in body synergistically
interact with macronutrients and vitamins and minerals
can act in different ways under different circumstances in the body

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5
Q

phytochemical supplements

A

protective in lower doses commonly provided by foods, but may have toxic effects as supplements
avoid phytochemical supplements

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6
Q

phytochemical supplements

A

protective in lower doses commonly provided by foods, but may have toxic effects as supplements
avoid phytochemical supplements
no RDA for phytochemicals; synergistic effects make establishing RDA difficult
Consume a plant-based diet/as many whole foods as possible

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7
Q

functional foods

A

provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition
include fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods, and dietary supplements
may contain naturally occurring phytochemicals and helpful bacteria

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8
Q

are functional foods safe?

A

FDA has no official definition or regulatory category for functional foods
regulated in the same way as conventional foods
“functional” ingredient added to a food must be generally recognized as safe

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9
Q

are functional foods effective?

A

claims of health benefits from the manufacturers
designer yogurts
probiotics (beneficial bacteria)
no national standards for identifying level of active bacteria in foods or supplements
prebiotics (fiber) promote friendly bacteria

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10
Q

what are Bones

A

living organs that contain bone tissue, arteries, veins, cartilage, and connective tissue
blood vessels supply nutrients to bone to support its activites

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11
Q

Bones provide …….

A

strength and flexibility
contains about 65% minerals, providing the hardness of bone
contains 35% organic structures for strength, durability, and flexibility

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12
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein in bone tissue

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13
Q

hydroxyapatitie

A

mineral crystals around collagen designed to bear weight

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14
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone
80% of the skeleton
outer surface of bone

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15
Q

trabecular bone

A

spongy bone
20% of skeleton
inside of bones (scaffolding)
faster turnover rate (sensitive to hormonal changes and nutritional deficiencies)

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16
Q

functions of bone

A

structure and support (protects vital organs, physical support for organs and body segments, support for muscles that allow movement)

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17
Q

metabolic processes of bones

A

act as a storage reservoir for many minerals
when need be body can draw calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, as a result can reduce bone mass
most of the blood cells needed by our bodies are produced in the bone marrow

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18
Q

bone growth

A

increase in bone size

on average, completed by the completion of height (after puberty)

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19
Q

bone modeling

A

shaping of bone
completed by early childhood
exercise and overweight increase thickness

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20
Q

bone remodeling

A 
recycling of bone tissue
maintains high integrity of bone
replaces old bone with new bone to maintain mineral balance
involves bone resorption and formation
occurs predominantly during adulthood
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21
Q

bone density

A

compactness

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22
Q

peak bone density

A

the highest achieved bone mineral density, based on individual’s genetic potential

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23
Q

factors associated with low peak bone density

A 
late pubertal age in boys
late onset of menstruation in girls
inadequate calcium intake
low body weight
physical inactivity during the pubertal years
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24
Q

resorption

A

surface of bones is broken down by osteoclasts

exceeds new bone formation after age 50: density begins to decrease

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25
osteoclasts
cells that erode the surface of bones
26
formation
new bone matrix formed by osteoblasts | synthesize new bone matrix by laying down collagen-containing component of bone
27
osteoblasts
bone builders
28
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
measures bone density | results are compared with average peak bone density of 30-year-old healthy adult known as the T-Score
29
t-score
used to assess a person's risk for fracture and diagnose osteoporosis recommended for postmenopausal women
30
classification for bone health
normal bone t-score between +1 and -1 osteopenia t-score between -1 and -2.5 osteoporosis t-score more negative than -2.5
31
nutrients for bone health (6)
``` calcium (most recognized nutrient associated with bone health) vitamin D vitamin K Phosphorus Magnesium Fluoride ```
32
functions of calcium
``` provides structure for bones and teeth assists with acid-base balance transmission of nerve impulses assists in muscle contraction maintains healthy blood pressure initiates blood clotting regulates hormones and enzymes ```
33
calcium absorption
enhanced in an acidic environment | requires 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
34
calcium intake
RDA varies w/ age and gender (1,000 mg to 1,300mg/day) | UL: 2,500mg
35
bioavailability
the degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity depends on individual's age and calcium need, dietary calcium and vitamin D, and binding factors
36
sources of calcium
excellent sources include milk products green leafy vegetables (kale, collard greens, broccoli -- all of those are low in oxalate) fortified foods (orange juice, soy milk) fish with edible bones
37
excess dietary calcium
excreted in the urine mineral imbalances from supplements hypercalcemia (high blood calcium)
38
hypercalcemia
caused by cancer or parathyroid hormone (PTH) overproduction | symptoms: fatigue, appetite loss, constipation, mental confusion, calcium deposits in soft tissues
39
calcium deficiency
osteoporosis from long-term calcium deficiency | hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)
40
hypocalcemia
caused by kidney disease, Vitamin D deficiency, or diseases that inhibit the production of PTH symptoms: muscle spasms and convulsions
41
vitamin D
fat soluble excess stored in adipose tissue and liver can be synthesized in the body from exposure to UV rays from the sun Considered a hormone: synthesized in one location and regulates activities in other parts of the body
42
functions of vitamin D
regulates blood calcium levels (regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption from the small intestine) stimulates osteoclasts when calcium is needed elsewhere required for bone calcification
43
factors influencing vitamin D synthesis (sunlight)
Time: sunny days, 9AM-3PM Season: inadequate sun in the winter Latitude: more than 40N or more than 40S
44
factors influencing vitamin D synthesis -- darker skin
more melanin pigment | reduces the penetration of sunlight
45
factors influencing vitamin D synthesis -- age
older than 65 | decreased capacity to synthesize vitamin D from the sun
46
factors influencing vitamin D synthesis -- obesity
lower circulating vitamin D levels
47
vitamin D adequacy
RDA: 19-50 yr old 5 micrograms/day 51-70 10 micrograms/day >70 15 micrograms/day
48
sources of Vitamin D
egocalciferol (D2) -- plants, supplements | cholecalciferol (D3) -- animal foods, sun
49
cholecalciferol (D3) -- animal foods, sun
most foods naturally contain little Vitamin D mostly obtained from fortified foods (e.g. milk) high amounts: cod liver oil, fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, and sardines) vegetarians not consuming milk products may receive vitamin D from the sun, fortified soy or cereal products, or supplements
50
vitamin D toxicity and deficiency
toxicity: hypercalcemia deficiency: loss of bone mass, Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)
51
medications that alter Vitamin D metabolism and activity
glucocorticoids | phenobarbital
52
Vitamin K
fat soluble vitamin stored in the liver phylloquinone: plant form menaquinone: animal form (by bacteria in the large intestine)
53
functions of vitamin K
coenzyme for formation of specific proteins blood coagulation and bone metabolism bone metabolism: coenzyme "Gla" protein production
54
osteocalcin
secreted by osteoblasts (bone remodeling)
55
matrix gla protein
in protein matrix of bone, catilage, blood vessel walls, soft tissues
56
AI for Vitamin K
120 micrograms/day (men) | 90 micrograms/day (women)
57
sources of Vitamin K
synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine | green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils
58
vitamin K toxicity and deficiency
toxicity: none known Deficiency: reduced blood clotting, excessive bleeding
59
causes of inadequate vitamin K consumption
``` fat malabsorption (celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis) long-term use of antibiotics can lead to deficiency ```
60
to prevent hemorrhagic newborn disease
injection of vitamin K at birth for newborns

FSU HUN 1201 (6 decks)

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