Quiz 8- Attention

Question 1

How did William James define attention

Answer 1

It is taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seems several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought… it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state.

Question 2

Define selection

Answer 2

the act of attending to an object to select it apart from the unattended objects

Question 3

give examples of selection

Answer 3

as you put on clothes, you can feel them on your skin and the feeling goes away after some time

Question 4

what is attention

Answer 4

the ability to tend to the information that is relevant to our goal
- an active process

Question 5

when do we get distracted?

Answer 5

when irrelevent information overwhelms us

Question 6

define an automatic process

Answer 6

triggered involuntarily by external events which trigger “capture” of attention

Question 7

give examples of automatic processes

Answer 7

• attention to ambulance
• fast, efficient

Question 8

define controlled processess

Answer 8

guide attention consciously and voluntarily

Question 9

give an example of controlled processes

Answer 9

driving

Question 10

define salient information

Answer 10

information that pops up at you to capture attention

Question 11

give an example of salient information

Answer 11

someone honking at you

Question 12

define attentional spotlight

Answer 12

focuses on part of environment at a time

Question 13

what happens to objects within spotlights

Answer 13

processed preferentially

Question 14

how was attention measured and where was our attentional spotlight attracted

Answer 14

using cued paradigms to test automatic processes of attention and our spotlight was attracted to the cues

Question 15

what happens if cue is detected in flashing box

Answer 15

noticed quickly

Question 16

what happens if cue is detected in non flashing box

Answer 16

noticed slowly

Question 17

what are some physical characteristics that separate target sound from background noise

Answer 17

• gender
• pitch
• direction and speed

Question 18

how does the spotlight influence the stimulus

Answer 18

enhances stimulus

Question 19

how does filter affect noise

Answer 19

supresses noise

Question 20

what is the filter model used for

Answer 20

auditory attention

Question 21

what is the spotlight model used for

Answer 21

visual attention

Question 22

what does Broadbent’s single filter model of attention depend on

Answer 22

physical characteristics of stimuli

Question 23

what happens to info that doesn’t pass fitler

Answer 23

seen as irrelevant and eliminated

Question 24

which info is deeply processed

Answer 24

information that is attended to and filtered

Question 25

can the single model filter explain the breakthrough effect?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

what does treisman's dual filter model include

Answer 26

includes semantic filter for meaningful stimuli

Question 27

does treisman's dual filter explain breakthrough?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

according to the dual theory, what can the dual filter theory do to the early filter

Answer 28

can override early filter condition of physical traits

Question 29

what is the early filter based on

Answer 29

physical appearance

Question 30

what is the late filter based on

Answer 30

semantics to determine what gets selected for attention

Question 31

what is the stroop task

Answer 31

congruent and incongruent tasks that measure reaction time - pushes our attention skills to the limit

Question 32

define proportion congruent manipulation

Answer 32

change the ratio of congruent to incongruent trials

Question 33

what happens to the stroop effect in high congruent trials

Answer 33

increased

Question 34

what happens to the stroop effect in low congruent trials

Answer 34

decreased

Question 35

define set size

Answer 35

number of items requires to search through

Question 36

define pop out effect

Answer 36

when the object of a visual search is easily found, regardless of set size

Question 37

what is the pop out effect induced by

Answer 37

colour

Question 38

what is conjunction search

Answer 38

searches use two or more features to create more difficult search